1. Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order
Chapter 28
Pages 644 – 671

2. Images
29.1: What the image is…and what is going on with that image…how it relates to the chapter.

3. MAIN
Europeans leaders thought their goals could only be achieved by force
The glorification of armed strength took rise during this time
Otherwise known as militarism
Mobilization of military was also important
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

4. The System of Alliances
The Triple Alliance
Italy
Germany
Austria-Hungary
The Triple Entente
France
Russia
Also had a secret alliance with Italy
Great Britain
Video

5. The Balkan “Powder Keg”
Provided outlet to the sea
Russia seeking to improve trade
Fall of Ottoman Empire
Rise of Baltic Nations
Pan-Slavism
Uniting of all Slavic people under one government
Austria – Hungary was opposed to this
The arch-duke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated by a Serbia terrorist
An ultimatum was made by A-HE
Serbia must suppress all groups that opposed the throne
Serbia must dismiss teachers and destroy books that did not support throne
Serbia must dismiss government officials that did not support throne
Austro-Hungarian officials must be a part of the trial of the assassins
If these demands were not met, military action would be used
Austria declared war on Serbia in July of 1914

6. Mobilization of Europe
Russia supported Serbia
Began to mobilize troops
Germany told them to stop or face war
Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality
Marched through Belgium on the way to France
England declared war later that day

7. The War Expands Japan joined Great Britain and France
Italy signed secret treaty with Great Britain, France and Russia for share of spoils
Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Austria-Hungary and Germany

8. The Belligerents
Belligerents or offending nations became known as the Central Powers
Central Powers had more rapid communications and movement
Better army
Allied Powers had more:
Soldiers
Better industry
Better navy

9. Innovations in Warfare
Machine gun
U-boat
Submarines – video
Poison gas
Airplane
Tank
Video
Propaganda
Selected bits of information to promote cause

10. Early Years of the War Fighting on Gallipoli Naval warfare
Peninsula off of Constantinople
Naval warfare
French and British ships bombarded Ottoman Empire
The British and Germans set up blockades
Germans sank a cruise liner, killing 128 Americans
Received a stern warning from President Woodrow Wilson
The stalemate – a war of attrition
Each side was trying to outlast the other

12. The United States and World War I
Contraband
America supplied both sides since we were neutral
Propaganda about German atrocities
Heinous acts against defenseless civilians in Europe
The German foreign minister sent a secret telegram to Mexico requesting an alliance
Offered to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico and Arizona if they would fight on German side
The British intercepted it, and they published it in American newspapers
Unrestricted submarine warfare cost many innocent American lives
Democratic ideals
The Russian people overthrew the Czar and America felt it must defend democracy and declared war in April of 1917 (video)(video)

13. Russia in World War I Causes of Russian Uprising
Poverty
Suppression of democracy
Weak Duma
Military took the side of the demonstrators

14. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Two groups in Russia after revolution
One that was trying to piece nation back together
Mensheviks
Promised to continue war
One that was more radical
Bolsheviks
Led by Vladimir Lenin
Slogan was peace, bread, and land
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies
Soviet means council
Appealed to the poor Russian masses
Believed in equality of humans and equality of economics
Formed basis of communism
Overthrew the provisional government in October revolution
Named their new party the Communist Party (video)

15. Peace and Civil War Lenin signed peace treaty with Central Powers
Gave up some land
Executed Czar and family
Communists fought socialist opposition
Led to Civil War
Reds – Communists
Whites – counter revolutionary army
Reds won after three years and named the new nation the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics (USSR)

16. Defeat of the Central Powers
Russia’s withdrawal allowed the Germans to pull troops out of the east and put them on the western front
Arrival of American troops greatly aided the allies
With America’s help the Allies stopped the Germans 37 miles from Paris
Began to push the Germans back to their own border
Austria-Hungary’s throne was dissolved and the two became separate nations
Turks also asked for peace
Kaiser finally gave up his throne and an armistice was signed to stop the fighting
Between 8 – 10 million people died in the fighting
Total cost of the war was 300 billion dollars

18. The Paris Peace Conference
Problems facing the peacemakers
Dominated by the four main Allied Powers
U.S., France, Great Britain, and Italy
Some countries were excluded
Territorial conflicts
Reparations and peacekeeping
Allies wanted Germany to pay
League of Nations

19. What Kind of Peace? Paris Peace Conference
Conflicting viewpoints
Treaty of Versailles
United States wanted fair settlement
Many Allies wanted to punish Germany and break it up into regions occupied by Allied forces (video)

20. The Treaty of Versailles
Individual treaties with each offending country
No draft
Maximum of 100,000 men
No heavy artillery, military planes, or submarines
Ally occupation of Rhineland
Reparation were to be paid by Germany at no determined amount or time period
Poland made independent nation
Alsace Lorraine was returned to France
Video

22. The Fourteen Points
When the war ended President Wilson came up with 14 Points to make the world a more just place
Six general points to ensure a just and safer world
No secret treaties
Freedom of the seas for all nations
Removal of all economic barriers – tariffs, etc.
Adjustment of colonial claims to make them fair to both the imperialist powers and to colonies
Establishment of a “general association of nations”
Eight points dealt with specific regions and countries
The points impressed people throughout the world
Video

23. Fates of Former Territories
Ethnic populations
New territorial lines were not ethnically correct
Parts of Germany were given to Czechoslovakia
Parts of Hungary were given to Romania
Genocide occurred
Systematic killing of a certain ethnic group
In Turkey Armenians were the victims
Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia
Bulgaria had to give territory to Greece and lost its outlet to the seas
Ottoman Empire was reduced to mostly just Turkey
Russia
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania all declared independence and were recognized by the League of Nations

24. The League of Nations Two goals Organization Mandates
Maintain peace
Promote international cooperation
Organization
Assembly
Representatives of all member nations
Council
Consisted of 9 main countries to ensure peace
Secretariat
World Court
Now located in The Hague in The Netherlands
Mandates
Colonies of defeated powers ruled by “advanced” governments
The start of the League
42 member nations grew to 59 by the 1940s