1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Key Questions What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400’s?
How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
How did Protestantism spread?
What were the effects of The Reformation in England?

3. Key Terms and People Indulgences Purgatory Martin Luther Theocracy
John Calvin
Predestination
Henry VIII
Annulled
Elizabeth I

4. Causes of the Protestant Reformation
______
Protestant
Reformation

5. Main Idea
Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.

6. Catholicism in the 1400s
The Roman Catholic Church was wealthy and powerful.
As the influence and extravagance of the church grew, some people thought it had lost sight of spiritual goals.
By the 1500s, these concerns crystallized into a reform movement.

7. Dissatisfaction with the Church
Financial corruption
Abuses of power
Immorality
Heavy taxation

8. Example
The Church financed Renaissance artists in extremely elaborate projects, but it taxed the middle class and peasants in an attempt to fund such projects.

9. Indulgences Pope Leo X Construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
He approved the sale of indulgences

11. Saint Peter’s Tomb

12. Indulgences
Pardons issued by the pope that people could buy in exchange for reducing a soul’s time in purgatory.
Purgatory = a place for souls who have to work off their sins before being admitted to heaven

13. Nationalism is Growing
Devotion to a particular state of nation
First loyalty is to the nation, not the church
People saw themselves as citizens of a nation rather than members of a church.

14. Early Reformers
Jean Wycliffe – church should give up it’s worldly possessions
Jan Hus – priest – preached against the immorality and worldliness of the church

15. Jan Hus
Excommunicated
Arrested
Tried for heresy
Burned at the stake

17. Martin Luther 1517 – Martin Luther made his complaints public
This is the official beginning of the Protestant Reformation

18. Ninety Five Theses Written in academic Latin
Intended for church leaders
Commonly the church door was like a bulletin board
Factor in the printing press
He condemned the sale of indulgences and criticized the power and wealth of the church and her papacy.

19. Faith alone is needed
Head of the church is Jesus
Translated the Bible into German

20. Edict of Worms
The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and the German Diet summoned Luther to a trial.
Luther was steadfast in his beliefs
Edict declared Luther an outlaw
His writings were condemned

22. Lutheranism
1530 – becomes a formally recognized branch of Christianity
Charles V moves to suppress Lutherans in German assembly
Protestatio – issued by the German assembly

23. Other Reformers Zwingli – priest from Switzerland
Calvin – preacher inspired by Luther

24. Ulrich Zwingli Zwingli was viewed as a radical. He wanted a theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.

25. John Calvin Influenced by Erasmus
Preached the doctrine of predestination
God knows who will be saved even before people are born.
Humans have no control over their final fate.
Calvinists have strict laws
Amusements such as feasting, dancing, singing, and wearing jewelry are forbidden

26. Romans 9: 14-16
14 What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? Certainly not! 15 For He says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion.”[a] 16 So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy.

27. Predestination vs Free Will
Do these ideas work in tandem with each other, or are they inherently opposite?
(omniscience)

28. Religious Europe

29. King Henry VIII Becomes king of England at age 17
He thought Luther’s ideas were “venomous.”
Henry VIII = “Defender of the Faith”
Wife = Catherine of Aragon
Daughter = Mary
Problem: Henry wants a male heir to the throne

30. Henry, Henry, Henry… Had so many wives, that had to die.
To the tune of Money, Money, Money, by ABBA

31. Annullment
Henry declared the marriage to be invalid, based upon church laws, so that he could be married to someone else who would bear a child.
The Pope would not agree to the annullment.

32. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
The nephew of Catharine of Aragon
Catharine wanted to stay married.

33. Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII falls in love with her while he is arguing with the pope over the annullment.

34. Reformation Parliament
Henry summons parliament and declared that England is no longer under the authority of the pope.
Henry names himself the head of the Church of England.

35. Back to Henry VIII
He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and redistributed their land to nobles.
Do you think this would build public support for Henry VIII?

36. Henry and Anne 1533 – secretly married
Parliament declares Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void.
Anne gives birth to a baby girl. Guess who?

37. Elizabeth

38. Act of Supremacy
Subjects had to declare that Henry VIII was the, “Supreme Head of the Church of England.”

39. Henry’s Heirs He ended up with six wives.
His third wife, Jane Seymour finally produced a male heir in Edward VI
None of Henry’s later three marriages produced any children.
Six wives of Henry VIII

40. Edward VI He takes the throne at age 9. He dies at age 15.
Henry’s daughter, Mary becomes the Queen of England anyway.

41. Mary She returns England to the authority of the pope.
Hundreds were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs.
Bloody Mary
Cue Bloody Mary Tudor

42. Mary Dies Protestants were not exactly full of sorrow.
Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, becomes Queen Elizabeth I of England.
Elizabeth was a strong queen who firmly established the Church of England.

43. Who would you choose? Jennifer Lopez or Mary Queen of Scots

44. Elizabeth I
Draft a new Act of Supremacy, splitting England once again from Rome.
She was a Protestant at heart.
Elizabeth persecuted Catholics because they tried to overthrow her.
Catholics wished to appoint Mary, Queen of Scots (see handout)

45. Elizabeth I
She’s Not There
by, The Zombies