1. Animal Development

2. Specialized adaptations
Animal Development
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Specialized adaptations

3. Fertilization

4. Fertilization
EGG CYTOPLASM

5. (extracellular matrix)
Fertilization
EGG CYTOPLASM
Vitelline layer
(extracellular matrix)

6. Sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
EGG CYTOPLASM
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors

7. Sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Jelly coat

8. Sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Cortical granules
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Jelly coat

9. Sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Sperm head
Cortical granules
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Jelly coat

10. Sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Cortical granules
Acrosome
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Jelly coat

11. Sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Cortical granules
Acrosome
Vitelline layer
Sperm-binding receptors
Jelly coat
Actin fibers

12. Fertilization

13. Fertilization

14. Fertilization
Acrosomal reaction

15. Fertilization
Acrosomal reaction

16. Acrosomal processes bind to sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Acrosomal processes bind to sperm-binding receptors

17. Acrosomal processes bind to sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Acrosomal processes bind to sperm-binding receptors

18. Acrosomal processes bind to sperm-binding receptors
Fertilization
Acrosomal processes bind to sperm-binding receptors

19. Sperm and egg membranes fuse
Fertilization
Sperm and egg membranes fuse

20. Sperm and egg membranes fuse
Fertilization
Sperm and egg membranes fuse

21. Sperm and egg membranes fuse
Fertilization
Sperm and egg membranes fuse

22. Sperm and egg membranes fuse
Fertilization
Sperm and egg membranes fuse

23. Fertilization
FAST REACTION:

24. Fertilization
FAST REACTION:
Ion channels open up

25. Fertilization
FAST REACTION:
Ion channels open up
Sodium ions rush in

26. Fertilization FAST REACTION: Ion channels open up Sodium ions rush in
Membrane depolarizes

27. Fertilization FAST REACTION: Ion channels open up Sodium ions rush in
Membrane depolarizes

28. Fertilization
CORTICAL REACTION:

29. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions

30. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
Ca2+ triggers cortical granules to fuse with plasma membrane

31. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
Ca2+ triggers cortical granules to fuse with plasma membrane

32. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
Ca2+ triggers cortical granules to fuse with plasma membrane
Contents are released into perivitelline space

33. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
Ca2+ triggers cortical granules to fuse with plasma membrane
Contents are released into perivitelline space
Sperm-binding receptors are clipped

34. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
Ca2+ triggers cortical granules to fuse with plasma membrane
Contents are released into perivitelline space
Sperm-binding receptors are clipped

35. Fertilization CORTICAL REACTION:
Endoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ ions
Ca2+ triggers cortical granules to fuse with plasma membrane
Contents are released into perivitelline space
Sperm-binding receptors are clipped
Vitelline layer hardens

36. This time you give the narration!
Fertilization
This time you give the narration!

37. Fertilization

38. Fertilization

39. Fertilization

40. Fertilization

41. Fertilization

42. Fertilization

43. Fertilization

44. Fertilization

45. Fertilization

46. Fertilization

47. Fertilization

48. Fertilization

49. Fertilization

50. Fertilization

51. Fertilization

52. Fertilization

53. Fertilization

54. Fertilization

55. Fertilization

56. Fertilization

57. Fertilization

58. Fertilization

59. Fertilization

60. Fertilization

61. Fertilization

62. Fertilization

63. Cleavage

64. Cleavage
Blastula
Morula

65. Cleavage

66. Cleavage

67. Cleavage

68. Cleavage

69. Gastrulation

70. Gastrulation

71. Gastrulation

72. Specialized adaptations
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois

73. Specialized adaptations

74. Specialized adaptations

75. Specialized adaptations

76. Specialized adaptations

77. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

78. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

79. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

80. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

81. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

82. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

83. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

84. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

85. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

86. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

87. Vertebrate Embryonic Development

88. Specific regions of the zygote become specific parts of the embryo
Fate Mapping
Specific regions of the zygote become specific parts of the embryo

89. Fate Mapping
Nonamniotic species:

90. Fate Mapping
Nonamniotic species:
Unevenly distributed cytoplasmic determinants in the egg establish body axes.

91. Fate Mapping
Amniotic species:

92. Fate Mapping
Amniotic species:
Local environmental differences establish initial differences between cells and determine body axes.

93. “Organizer” regions secrete signals molecules.
Fate Mapping
Amniotic species:
Local environmental differences establish initial differences between cells and determine body axes.
“Organizer” regions secrete signals molecules.

94. Fate Mapping Apical Ectodermal Ridge Progress Zone Zone Of Polarizing
Activity

95. Fate Mapping
Remove AER
Normal AER
Split AER or
Extra AER added

96. Fate Mapping
Swapping AER’s

97. Fate Mapping
Adding
extra ZPA
Adding
Retinoic acid bead .