1. Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems Lecture goals: Review the water cycle Key concepts and terminology in hydrology Field guide to freshwater systems

2. The Water Cycle

3. Surface Area : Volume Ratio 1:1

4. Surface Area : Volume Ratio The smaller the lake or reach, the larger the SA:V ratio. The larger the lake or reach, the smaller the SA:V ratio.

5. The Global Water Budget

6. The Watershed

7. Surface v. Groundwater

8. Ephemeral Ponds Lakes vs. Ponds

9. Lake and Pond Origins Glacial Activity

10. Glacial Scouring

11. Cirques

12. Paternoster Lakes

13. Ice Dams

14. Moraine Dams Flathead Lake, MTFinger Lakes, NY

15. Kettle Lakes

16. Lake and Pond Origins Glacial Activity Tectonic Activity

17. The Major Lithospheric Plates

18. Uplift Lakes

19. Lakes at Faults Lake Baikal

20. Lakes at Faults Lake Malawi

21. Lake and Pond Origins Glacial Activity Tectonic Activity Other

22. Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Volcanic activity

23. Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Chemical reactions CaCO 3

24. Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Rivers

25. Lake Manicouagan, Quebec 5 km diameter asteroid 212 MYA Extraterrestrials

26. Lake and Pond Zones Benthic Littoral Limnetic Profundal

27. Stream Order Horne Brook, NH Columbia River, WA

28. Stream Order Benefits

29. Order is correlated with other characteristics These data are from a network of streams near Santa Fe, NM

30. Stream order can be used to describe real differences in drainages

31. Stream Order Benefits Drawbacks

32. The Problem: Order N into Order N+1

33. Real Differences in Stream Networks?

34. Why Classification Matters Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers In 2001, Supreme Court rules that Clean Water Act does not give Corps jurisdiction over “isolated” streams and wetlands. Sets off rush to re-classify streams and wetlands as “isolated”. In October 2005, Supreme Court agrees to hear additional arguments on wetland and stream protection.