1. Natural Enemies Horticultural Allies

3. Natural Enemies Organisms that – –kill –decrease the reproductive potential –or otherwise reduce the numbers –of another organism Can limit pest damage

4. Natural Enemies Reduce pest populations through –predation –parasitism –herbivory –competition –antibiosis

5. Predation Predators – –attack, kill and feed on several or many other individuals Specialized predators – –feed on a single species or a few closely related species Generalized predators – –feed on a variety of similar organisms

6. Predators Coleoptera – beetles Hemiptera – true bugs Diptera – flies Neuroptera – lacewings Hymenoptera – wasps Arachnida – spiders Vertebrates – birds, reptiles, coyotes, etc.

7. Predators Predatory mites – family Phytoseiidae –controls pest mites and other insects Mites, collembola, flatworms, protozoa and some nematodes control pest nematodes Giant amoebae, various soilborne animals are pathogens to fungi and bacteria

8. Predators Birds, bats and fish prey on various insects and other pests Raptors, cats and coyotes prey on various pest birds, rodents and other vertebrates

9. Parasitism Parasites – –feed in or on a larger host –prolonged and specialized relationships with hosts –typically parasitize only one host individual in their lifetime

10. Parasites Disease producing bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and some nematodes May attack invertebrates (insects and nematodes), weeds, pathogens and vertebrates

11. Parasites May weaken hosts without killing it Those that significantly weaken or kill the host are important natural enemies in biological control

12. Parasites Pathogens – –parasitic microorganisms –impair normal activities of host tissue or cells –includes: bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses Important controls of insects, nematodes, mites, weeds, and other pathogens

13. Parasites Parasitoid – –insect that parasitizes and kills other invertebrates –parasitic in immature stage –kills hosts as they enter maturity –adults are free-living –adults about same size as hosts Can include – Hymenoptera and Diptera

14. Parasite vs. Parasitoid Parasites derives food from host organisms without killing the host Parasitoids end up killing the host before the parasite matures

15. Internal vs. External Parasites Endoparasite – internal –develops inside of the host

16. Internal vs. External Parasites Ectoparasite – external –develops while attached to the outside of the host

17. Herbivory Herbivores – –animals that feed on plants –important natural enemies of weeds –specialized herbivores selectively feed on one or several closely related weed species –some limit production by feeding on flowers or seed

18. Competition Competition – –two or more organisms strive for the same limited resources – i.e. food, water, shelter or light Can limit some weeds Limited use as a biological control

19. Antibiosis Antibiosis – –substances secreted by organisms inhibiting vital activities of other organisms May be useful in controlling some plant pathogens Few current applications

20. Common Natural Enemies Nematode-trapping fungi

21. Common Natural Enemies Predatory nematodes Not particularly useful in disturbed soils

22. Common Natural Enemies Decollate snails control... –European brown garden snails –citrus thrips – feeds on pupae in soil –can feed on seedlings

23. Common Natural Enemies Predatory mites –occurs in several families –tend to pear-shaped, longer-legged and shinier than pest mites –more active than plant-feeding mites –feeds on plant-feeding mites, insect eggs, immatures – crawler stages of scale, thrips and whitefly nymphs –translucent, bright white, red, yellow, green

24. Common Natural Enemies

25. Parasitoid wasps control... –various Homopterans including: aphids, whitefly, scale, psyllids, mealybugs, and a host of other pests... –as well as various Lepidopterans

26. Common Natural Enemies Lacewings (Order Neuroptera) –larvae are predaceous –not adults from all species are –feeds on aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, caterpillars, mites, psyllids, insect eggs, and other insects

27. Common Natural Enemies Green Lacewing (Chrysopidae)

28. Common Natural Enemies Brown Lacewing (Hemerobiidae)

29. Common Natural Enemies Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae) –over 500 species in America –most are predaceous as larvae and adults –many are prey-specific including various insects and mites

30. Common Natural Enemies

33. Assassin bugs (Reduviidae) –over 160 species in North America –all are predaceous –some attack mammals –Feeds on a range of insect pests

34. Common Natural Enemies Damsel bugs (Nabidae) –predaceous on mites, aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers, etc. –resembles small Reduviidae –long front appendages

35. Common Natural Enemies Syrphid flies (Syrphidae) –AKA hover flies, flower flies –larvae are predaceous –adults often resemble honey bees –feeds on aphids and other soft-bodied insects

37. Common Natural Enemies Mantids (Mantidae) –praying mantids or praying mantises –predaceous –elongated thorax –long, grasping forelegs –opportunistic and cannibalistic