1. Geologic Structures
Structural Geology – study of deformation of rocks and the forces that cause deformation

2. Structural Geology is concerned with deformation of the Earth's crust
Where is deformation occurring today?
Plate boundaries
Active orogenic belts
(Impact structures)
Where has deformation occurred in the past?
Identify ancient orogens
Relative ages of rocks vs. deformation
Why do we want to understand deformation?
Natural hazards
Economic resources
Basic science

3. The tectonic plates

4. Geologic Structures
Stress – Compression, Tension, Shear

5. Stress – Strain relations
Strain – Elastic, Plastic, Brittle
Elastic range

6. Geologic Maps
Geologic Maps – strike & dip (angle, direction), geologic cross-sections

7. Geologic Maps
Folds – antiforms, synforms, limbs, hinge line (axis), axial plane, domes, basins,

8. Folds
Domes

9. Truncated Dome

10. Folds
Plunging folds, domes, basins

11. Types of folds
Open, isoclinal, overturned, recumbent

12. Joints, cracks, fractures
Tensional, compressional, sets

13. Joints, cracks, fractures
Several sets

14. “Anticracks” – pressure solution
Stylolites

15. Faults Fault plane, hanging wall, footwall
Faults – dip-slip, strike-slip, oblique-slip

16. Fault planes
Dip-slip – normal, reverse

17. Dip-slip – normal (horst & graben)

18. Dip-slip – normal fault zone, Iran
Pliocene-Pleistocene, Zanjan-Tabriz highway

19. Dip-slip – reverse (thrust)

20. Strike-slip & Oblique-slip

21. כיווני מאמץ והעתקים
התקצרות – חיובית
התארכות - שלילית

22. Strike-slip faulting features

23. כיווני מאמץ ראשיים והעתקים
התקצרות – חיובית
התארכות - שלילית

24. Geologic Structures
Mining

25. Geologic Structures
Oil Reservoirs

26. Oil Reservoirs

27. Oil Reservoirs