1. Architecture of Moslems

2. عمارة المسلمون - مقدمة هي تلك العمارة التي نشأت في بلاد العرب ومصر والعراق والشام والمغرب العربي وتركيا وايران منذ فجر الاسلام بالإضافة إلى المناطق التي حكمها المسلمون كإسبانيا والهند هي تلك العمارة التي تأثرت خصائصها وصفاتها بشكل كبير بالدين الإسلامي والنهضة العلمية التي تبعته تختلف من منطقة لأخرى تبعا للمناخ وللإرث المعماري والحضاري الذي كان موجود في المنطقة قبل دخول الاسلام هي تللك العمارة ذات الخصائص البنائية والمعمارية التي طورها واستعملها المسلمون في تشييد مباني الجوامع والمساجد والزوايا والخلوات والاربطة والمدارس والكتاتيب والدواوين والبيمارستانات والقلاع والحصون والخانات والحمامات والقصور والبيوت ومجاري العيون والقناطر والحدائق والاسبلة على سبيل المثال في عمارة المسجد ينتشر الصحن المفتوح في الشام والعراق والجزيرة العربية بينما اختفى في تركيا للجو البارد وفي اليمن بسبب الإرث المعماري. تطورت عمارة المسلمون في الشكل والوظيفة عبر الزمن وأيضاً بتغير الظروف السياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية للسكان

3. Architecture of Moslems includes a wide range of styles from dawnof Islam to present day, influencing the design and buildings and structures in Islamic culture architectural types include the masjid, the palace and the fort vocabulary of moslem architecture is derived from these types and used for buildings of lesser importance such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture. عمارة المسلمون - مقدمة

4. عمارة المسلمون عناصر مباني الجوامع والمساجد وتشمل المنائر, المآذن، القباب، الصحن، المحراب ،الرواق, الميضئة. عناصر بمباني القصور والبيوت والمباني العامة وتشمل عناصر فراغية وظيفية كالايوانات والمجالس والغرف والدكاك والسراديب والأسوار عناصر لتغطية الفتحات كالنوافذ والطيق والرواشين ( المشربيات ) عناصر لفتحات البواب كالعقود ( المخموس، المملوكي، الموتور والأندلسي ) عناصر السقف كالقباب والاقبية عناصر زخرفية كالمقرنص والكابولي والنقش والحفر عناصر مناخية كالملقف والبادكير والجلاء عناصر إنشائية كالجسر والجائز

5. recognizable Moselm architectural style emerged after the prophet’s time inspired by Islam and addition of localized adaptations of Persian, Byzantine, and Visigoths styles The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhrah) (691) is one of the most important buildings in all of Moslem architecture, marked by a strong Byzantine influence mosaic against a gold background, and a central plan with a great epigraphic frieze It featured interior vaulted spaces, a circular dome, and the use of stylized repeating decorative arabesque patterns عمارة المسلمون - مقدمة

6. motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns In this respect,fractal geometry has been a key utility especially for mosques and palaces. Other significant features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable and its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 in Dome of the Rock, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. As late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into Western architecture عمارة المسلمون - مقدمة

7. عمارة عصر النبوة والخلفاء الراشدون Prophet mosque and his house, and extensions Alfustat by Amr bin Alas ( رضي الله عنه ) rectangle, 29 mby 17 m, palm tree trunks, stones and mud bricks, covered by a roof of wood and palm leaves. four columns used to point out qibla. no adornments, no minarets Minarets added by ( رضي الله عنه معاوية بن سفيان )in 679 and double its size In 711 a concave prayer niche was added In 827, it had seven new aisles built, parallel to qibla wall, Each aisle had an arcade of columns, with the last column in each row attached to the wall by means of a wooden architrave carved with a frieze In 9th century, a new area was added by الخليفة العباسي المأمون increasing dimensions to 120m x 112m

10. العمارة في الدولة الأموية Umayyad Empire (661- 750), in the Umayyad era many new elements were included to Moslem architecture: Minarates, Arabisque, Mosaic, Luxury palaces

11. قبة الصخرة بجوار المسجد الأقصى ، الخليفة الأموي عبد الملك بن مروان 691م

13. Ummayid Palaces in Jordan and Syria served as living quarters, reception halls, and baths for rulers and were decorated to promote an image of royal luxury building remnant of a larger complex that included a castle, a royal retreat. frescoes on ceilings inside, which depict hunting,, an accurate representation of the zodiac قصر عمرة بصحراء الأردن الشرقية العمارة الأموية عهد خليفة الوليد بن عبدالملك 711 م العمارة في الدولة الأموية

14. Religious and civic architecture were developed under the Umayyads, the "Arab plan", with court andcovered prayer hall, truly became a functional type with the construction of the Umayyad Mosque, (completed in 715 by caliph Al-Walid ) جامع بني أمية (المسجد الأموي) العمارة في الدولة الأموية

15. Great Mosque of Kairouan in tunis built in 670 AD considered as the ancestor of all mosques in maghreb and most significant examples of early great mosques constituted of a massive square minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by porticos and a huge hypostyle prayer hall covered on its axis by two cupolas جامع عقبة بن نافع بالقيروان

16. Hypostyle prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia

17. مسقط أفقي لجامع عقبة بن نافع بالقيروان

19. عمارة الأمويين بالأندلس Ceiling in Alhambra, Interior of Masjid in Cordoba, Sintra Castle, Portugal, Mosque at Córdoba 785 AD noted for its striking interior arches, the magnificent Alhambra palace of Granada with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red, blue, gold walls decorated with foliage motifs, and arabesque design work, with walls covered in glazed tile قصر الحمراء باسبانيا

20. مسجد قرطبة باسبانيا After Moslem entered Spain in 711 AD the horseshoe arch form was adopted from visigoth architecture with accentuated curvature

21. مدخل مسجد قرطبة باسبانيامحراب مسجد قرطبة باسبانيا

22. منظور داخلي لقبة مسجد الحمراء باسبانيا

23. Abbasid dynasty (750- 1258) moved capital to Baghdad, and then to Samarra. The Great Mosque of Samarra,Iraq built in 847 AD, combined the hypostyle architecture of rows of columns supporting a flat base above which a huge spiraling minaret was constructed. Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra العمارة في الدولة العباسية

24. Other major mosques built in the Abbasid Dynasty include the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo 876 AD The mosque is constructed around a courtyard, with one covered hall on each of the four sides, the largest being on the side of the qibla The original mosque had its ablution fountain in the area between the inner and outer walls العمارة في الدولة العباسية

25. مئذنة مسجد أحمد بن طولون العمارة في الدولة العباسية

26. العمارة الفاطمية Bab al-Futuh gate built by Fatimid vazirBadr al-Jamali the Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials, but also developed those of their own. In Cairo al-Azhar mosque founded along with the city (969–973), which, together with its adjacent institution of higher learning al-Azhar University Mosque of al-Hakim be Amr Allah (996– 1013) monumental gates for Cairo's city walls commissioned by the powerful Fatimid emir Badr al-Jamali(1073–1094).

27. العمارة الفاطمية الجامع الأزهر

28. العمارة الفاطمية مسجد الحاكم بأمر الله

29. العمارة الفاطمية سور القاهرة وباب الفتوح

30. العمارة الأيوبية قلعة الجبل built by Saladin (1171- 1193) as part of fortiifcations of cairo. looking much like castles built in Syria pieces of the giza pyramids, ruined mosques, and other salvaged stone were used in its construction. It includes two walled enclosures with the military tothe northeast and the residential quarters to the southwest.

31. العمارةالمملوكية مسجد الرفاعي قبة السلطان برقوق two periods1250 to 1382 and is known as the Bahri Mamluk period because the dominant Mamluks were based on Roda island in the Nile delta. second period from 1382 to 1517 is known as the Burji Mamluk period Mamluks power through superior military organization 1260 Sultan Baybars halt advance of the Mongols at the battle of 'Ayn Jalut in Palestine. under Sultan Qalaoun and his son Khalil in 1291 captured the cities of Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Tripoli ending the Crusader presence in the Levant Mamluk architecture reflects the confidence of military success and is most distinctive Islamic building style Development Ayyubids style

32. مسجد السلطان حسن - مصر

33. مسجد الظاهر بيبرس - مصر استخدام طريقة الحجر الأبلق من سمات العمارة المملوكية

34. حكموا منطقة الأناضول وإيران وسوريا والعراق من القرن الحادي عشر – القرن الثالث عشر مركز بمدينة قونيا، ايرزيرم، قيصري، سيفاس العمارة السلجوقية

35. a four-iwan plan mosque. kiosk plan mosque consisting of a domed space with three open sides and wall containing a mihrab on the qibla side simple design and harmonious proportion العمارة السلجوقية المدرسة بقونيا بتركيا

36. Hagia Sophia influenced moslem architecture after Ottomans captured istanbul from the Byzantines and converted the basilica to a mosque (now a museum), incorporated Byzantine architectural elements Hagia Sophia served as a model for many other mosques such as the Suleimania Mosque, and Rüstem Pasha Mosque Famous architect Sinan العمارة العثمانية

37. مسجد السلطان سليم، إيدرنه، تركيا، المعماري سنان 1575م

38. interior view of main dome of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne Turkey

39. العمارة الفارسية

40. Si-yo-se-pol, Isfahan, Iran

41. مسجد الشاه، أصفهان إيران 1629 م

42. Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan

43. مقرنص بمدخل مسجد لطف الله ، إصفهان إيران 1618 م

44. Shah Mosque interior, Isfahan

45. Taj Mahal, Agra, India one of the most recognisable buildings in the world main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation عمارة المغل بالهند

46. Badshahi Masjid built in 1674 Lahore, epitomizes beauty and grandeur of Mughal era

47. Friday Mosque of Herat in Afghanistan

48. Mosque in Thailand shows influence of Chinese architecture.

49. عناصر عمارة المسلمون Elements of Moslem Architecture

50. الحوش الفناء السلاملك الحراملك الملقف القاعة الدرقاعة الشخشيخة الأعمدة العقود المقرنصات العرائس الرواشين المداميك الكابولي التختبوش القباب المأذن الصحن الميضة الإيوان المحراب النافورة

51. Finaa: courtyard sometimes surrounded by a Rewaq Rewaq:domed or roofed arcaded path around a finaa or sahn Bustan : fruit gardens. Kantra: row of supportuing columns (arcade/colonnade) Iwan: carving into mass of a building’s facade associated with main entrances or prominent building elevations Roshan/mashrabiyya: wooden bay windows that allows air into the building and ensure privacy Malqaf/badkeer/Jela: element that draws air into buiding interiors Muqarnas: type of corbel that take the form of small pointed niches, stacked in tiers which project beyond lower tiers, made of brick, stone, or wood, and typically applied to domes, pendentives, cornices, squinches and undersides of arches and vaults Sabil: drinking water feature or fountain incorporated in a building facade Takhtaboosh: a space annexed to court for male visitors فهرس Glossary

52. عمارة المسجد

57. عمارة المسجد - القباب Domes

58. عمارة المسجد- الصحن Courtyard

59. Fountain in the Courtyard of the Mohammed Ali Mosque, Cairo عمارة المسجد- الميضئة Ablution Kiosk

60. Egypt, Cairo, Fountain in the Court of the Mosque of Sultan Hassan, 1880 الميضئة Ablution

61. المأذن Minaret

62. عمارة المسجد-المحرابNiche

63. الإيوان-الليوان Iwan

64. النافورة Fountain

65. Cairo: Citadel :detail of a water fountain in the Mosque of Mohammed Ali Fountain in Gay Anderson Museum - Cairo الفسقية Fountain

66. العقود Arches Cordoba Mosque

67. الأعمدة Columns

68. العقود Arches

69. Parapet crenellation العرائس

70. المقرنص squinch Alhambra Palace, Granada,Spain Isfahan Royal Mosque entrance

71. المقرنصات Squinches

72. المداميك حجر الأبلغ

73. المقرنصات Squinches

74. الكابولي Cantilever (الكردي)

75. الفناء Courtyards & Finaa

76. بيت السحيمي Al Suhaymi House

78. السلاملك و الحراملك و المدخل

79. القاعة و الدرقاعة و الشخشيخة

80. المقعد التختبوش

81. المشربية Interlaced wooden screen

82. الملقف Wind Catcher