1. Physiological Effects of Nicotine and Ethanol Rebecca B R Milholland

2. Tobacco Plant Grown for its nicotine containing leaves which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed Nicotiana tobacum

3. Nicotine Nicotine is an alkaloid found naturally in tobacco plants, tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant and green peppers

4. Nicotine Nicotine is an alkaloid found naturally in tobacco plants, tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant and green peppers

5. Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Neuromuscular Junction Neuromuscular System

6. Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Nerve Terminal Neuromuscular System

7. Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Acetylcholine (ACh)

8. Neuromuscular System Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Acetylcholine (ACh)

9. Neuromuscular System Motorneuron Muscle Fiber Signal from the Brain Nicotine

10. Nicotinic Syndrome

11. Nicotine produces tachycardia and blood pressure through its action in the sympathetic nervous system or the “Fight or Flight” system.

12. Nicotine decreases appetite.

13. Nicotine’s action on skeletal muscles and the diaphragm to produce paralysis and asphyxiation

14. Chronic Effects of Nicotine

15. Chronic administration leads to coronary artery disease and hypertension

16. Nicotine produces peptic ulcer disease,and esophageal reflux through its influences on the Gastrointestinal tract.

17. Nicotine enhances learning and memory

18. Nicotine’s influences in the brain also produces its addictive properties Nicotine enhances learning and memory

19. Most Likely Avenues for Exposure Tobacco Products Insecticides – Anti-AChE (Acetylcholine Esterase) – nAChR activators (like nicotine)

20. Alcohol CC H HH H HOH

21. Factors which Influence Ethanol Movement Though the Body Absorption

22. Factors which Influence Ethanol Movement Though the Body Absorption Distribution and Solubility – Body Fat Percentage

23. Dose-Response Curve for Acute CNS Response to Ethanol Dose Response Giddy Labored breathing Unconscious Sleep Deep sleep Death No effect

24. Chronic CNS Effects of Ethanol Korsacoff’s Syndrome – Loss of short term memory – Due to a Thyamine Defficiency

25. Ethanol Acetaldehyde NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase

26. Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

27. Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate Citric Acid Cycle NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Energy

28. Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate Citric Acid Cycle NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Energy Fatty Liver Fibrosis Cirrosis

29. Ethanol Acetaldehyde Acetate Citric Acid Cycle NAD NADH NAD NADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Energy Fatty Liver Fibrosis Cirrosis P450

30. Ethanol Interaction with P 450 Acute Administration -  P 450 Chronic Administration -  P 450

31. Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication

32. Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication Quinoneimine Free Radical Liver and Kidney Damage Activation to a Toxic Metabolite

33. Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication Quinoneimine Free Radical Liver and Kidney Damage Activation to a Toxic Metabolite P450

34. Acetominophen Sulfation Glucuronidation Safe Excretion by Kidney and in Bile Detoxication Quinoneimine Free Radical Liver and Kidney Damage Activation to a Toxic Metabolite P450 Ethanol Induction Of P450 Expression

35. Other Alcohols Methanol

36. Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production

37. Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production Ethylene Glycol

38. Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production Ethylene Glycol – Kidney damage due to oxalic acid production and crystal formation in the renal tubules

39. Other Alcohols Methanol – Induces blindness and death due to formic acid production Ethylene Glycol – Kidney damage due to oxalic acid production and crystal formation in the renal tubules Treat Exposures to Both Alcohols with Ethanol!!

40. Conclusions: Nicotine Acute

41. Conclusions: Nicotine Acute – Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle – Produces asphyxiation and paralysis

42. Conclusions: Nicotine Acute – Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle – Produces asphyxiation and paralysis Chronic

43. Conclusions: Nicotine Acute – Acts at acetylcholine receptor in muscle – Produces asphyxiation and paralysis Chronic – Acts at acetylcholine receptors in the sympathetic nervous system to coronaroy artery disease and high blood pressure – Acts at acetylcholine receptors in the brain to induce physical addiction.

44. Conclusions: Ethanol Acute

45. Conclusions: Ethanol Acute – Fatty Liver – CNS Depression

46. Conclusions: Ethanol Acute – Fatty Liver – CNS Depression Chronic

47. Conclusions: Ethanol Acute – Fatty Liver – CNS Depression Chronic – Korsacoff’s Syndrome – Cirrosis of the Liver