1. صدق الله العظيم الاسراء اية 58

2. By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Assist prof of Physiology Somatic Motor System

6. Origin: Origin: From area (6) and area (4) → descends to corpus striatum → Globus pallidus→ from the globus pallidus fibers pass to; 1.Reticular formation 2.Vestibular nuclei 3.Red nucleus 4.Tectum of midbrain. From these nuclei the following extrapyramidal tracts arise:

7. Motor areas 4 and 6 Basal Ganglia Corpus striatum Globus pallidus RF Vest. Nuclei Ret.Spin T. Vest.Spin.T. Red Nucl. Rubrospin. T. Tectum Tectospin. T.

10. Red nucleus Cerebellum Cerebrum Basal ganglia Lateral AHCs Rubrospinal T. ++

11. Functions: 1.Mediates motor signals concerned with the skilled voluntary movements performed by distal limb muscle. 2.Also facilitates  &  motor neurons of the distal flexors

13. Pontine RF Lateral RST. Medial AHCs Medial RST ++-- Medullary RF

14. Functions: Functions: a. Medial R.S.T. It mediates facilitatory effect on the motor neurons of the antigravity ms to maintain postural support. b. Lateral R.S.T. It inhibits the tone in the antigravity ms under some postural conditions, which provides background to perform other motor activities.

16. Lateral V.N. Medial VST. Medial AHCs Lateral VST ++ Medial VN

17. Functions: Functions: a. Lateral V.S.T. It is facilitatory to  &  motor neurons of the antigravity ms to maintain body posture & equilibrium in response to impulses from the vestibular apparatus which evoked by charges in head position or exposure to acceleration. b. Medial V.S.T. It is facilitatory to  &  motor neurons of the neck and upper limb muscles that are involved in regulation of the head & upper limb position during exposure to acceleratory movements

19. Superior colliculus Medial T.S.T Medial AHCs Lateral TST ++ Inferior colliculus

20. Functions: Functions: This tract mediates reflex turning of the head in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli.

24. MOTOR CORTEX INTERNAL CAPSULE BRAIN STEM SPINAL CORD

25. Def., It is the damage of upper motor neuron in the higher center or the descending motor tract. Causes 1.Trauma 2.Tumour 3.Vascular disorders as thrombosis or hemorrhage. Sites: Most common site of UMNL is the internal capsule.

29. Internal capsule Motor loss Hemiplegia Sensory loss Loss of somatic sensations, vision and hearing

30. 1.Contralateral paralysis (loss of only voluntary movements) of the distal ms of the limbs, lower facial ms and ms of the tongue. 2.Contralateral paresis (weakness i.e., the ms retains some movements) of the axial ms and upper facial ms. Axial ms are supplied by descending motor tracts other than CBS whereas ms of the upper face are ipsilaterally innervated by CBS tract.

33. 3) Spasticity (increased ms tone) of the skeletal ms due to increased supraspinal facilitation to  -motor neurons. A lesion at the level of internal capsule interrupts the descending inhibitory cortical fibers which feeds the inhibitory reticulospinal tract leaving the facilitatory vestibulospinal and reticulospinal to act. This spasticity is of the clasp-knife type

34. Inhibitory RF Facilitatory RF and VST

35. 4) Exaggerated tendon jerk & clonus: due to increased supraspinal facilitation. 5) Positive Babinski's sign

36. 6) The paralyzed ms show no or minimal atrophy as the lower motor neuron is intact and the ms contracts reflexly. 7) Normal response of the paralyzed ms to electric stimulation a) Faradic current produces clonic or tetanic contractions b) Galvanic current produces contractions that occur only at closing (make) and opening (break) of the circuits. CCC > ACC > AOC > COC

37. 1) Contralateral hemianaesthesia i.e. loss of all sensations on the opposite side of the body

38. 2) Contralateral homonymous hemianopia i.e., loss of vision in the two opposite halves of the field of vision

39. 3) Bilateral diminution of hearing acuity.  No complete loss of hearing as both ears are bilaterally represented in both cortices.

41. Def., It is damage of the lower motor neurons (the spinal AHCS and the cranial motor nuclei or their axons) resulting in skeletal ms paralysis Causes 1.Trauma 2.Neuropathy

42. I) Structural changes  In Nerve (degeneration and regeneration  In muscle (atrophy and increase Ach receptors II) Functional changes 1.Flaccid paralysis 2.Fasciculation and fibrillation 3.Dennervation supersensitivity 4.Reaction of degeneration

43. Wallerian degeneration Retrograde degeneration Regeneration Atrophy of muscles

45. A) Flaccid paralysis:  Paralysis of denervated ms with loss of all types of movements; "voluntary, postural and reflex".  All reflexes are lost including stretch reflex resulting in loss of ms tone and tendon jerk (flaccidity).  The extent of paralysis is usually limited to a small group of ms

46. B) Fasiculations and fibrillations: Appears few days or weeks after denervation Disappear when the motor nerve completely degenerates or successful re-innervation of the ms occurs.

47. B) Fasiculations : Synchronous visible contraction of the motor unit (all ms fibers) supplied by the injured axon. Result from spontaneous generation of action potential (injury potentials) in distal segment of the injured axon

49. B) Fibrillations: As degeneration of the injured axon continues, the axon terminals are now separate from the main axon and hence, from each other. Injury potentials are still generated along the terminals leading to asynchronous contraction of the individual ms fibers attached to terminals. Invisible to the observer and detected only by electromyogram (EMG).

50. Fibrillations

51. C) Denervation supersensitivity: Denervated ms becomes supersensitive to acetylcholine. This is due to increase in the number of A.Ch. receptors which cover the entire surface of ms cell membrane.

52. D) Reaction of degeneration: - This means abnormal response of the denervated muscle to electric stimulation. Reaction of degeneration (response of denervated ms): INCOMPLETE REACTION: i) Faradic current produces no response. The denervated muscle has a prolonged chronaxia. The faradic current is faster than the excitation time needed to produce a response. ii) Galvanic current produces an abnormal response. The response in general is weaker than normal and ACC > CCC.

53. D) Reaction of degeneration: COMPLETE REACTION: When the denervation is prolonged, the ms is atrophied and fibrosed. Thus, no response occurs to both faradic and galvanic currents.

58. THANKS