1. 1865-1900

2. * The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse * Describe the growth of railroads after the Civil War. * Why did the transcontinental railroad require government subsidies and what subsidies did they receive? * Describe the land grants provided to railroads and why this was a problematic practice. * What did the government gain from subsidizing the transportation system? * How did railroads affect town growth? * Spanning the Continent with Rails * Where was the Union Pacific Railroad located? * What did the builders of the railroad receive from the government? * Who worked in the construction gangs and what did their life on the railroad look like? * Where was the Central Pacific Railroad located? * What were the “big-four”? * Who worked for the Central Pacific Railroad and what did their lives look like? * Describe the “wedding of the rails” and its significance.

3. * Binding the Country with Railroad Ties * What railway was the only one that did not receive land grants? * Where was the Northern Pacific Railroad located? * Where was the Southern Pacific Railroad located? * Where was the Great Northern Railroad located and how did it differ from the other 4 big railways? * What were some problems with railroad building? * Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization * Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt, how did he originally make money, and how did he profit from the railroad? * What were two significant improvements to the railroad? * What other refinements were included to new railroad cars? * Why did some consider the railways to be dangerous?

4. * Revolution by Railways * How did railways impact the economy of the US? * How did the railways spur industrial growth, mining and agriculture? * How did railways impact cities and immigration? * How was land and time impacted by the railroad? * How were railroads linked to millionaires? * Wrongdoing in Railroading * Who was the most adept at scamming the railroads? * Describe stock watering in relation to the railways. * How did railroad titans feel about public interest? * How did railroad titans “buy people” and why were they considered industrial monarchs? * Describe the economic concept of the “pool”.

5. * Government Bridles the Iron Horse * How did the Midwest feel about the titans of industry? * Why were Americans slow to combat economic injustice? * What was the first body to try to regulate the railroad monopoly? * Describe the Supreme Court ruling of the Wabash case. * Describe the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. * What is the ICC? * Why wasn’t the ICC considered a victory over corporate wealth? * What was wrong with the legislation of the Interstate Commerce Act? * In what ways was the Interstate Commerce Act considered a success? * Miracles of Mechanization * By 1894 who ranked first in the world in manufacturing? * How did the Civil War impact the concept of millionaires? * What natural resources were exploited during this time period? * How did immigration impact industrialization? * How did American ingenuity impact industrialization? * What did Alexander Graham Bell invent and why was it important? * What did Thomas Edison invent and why was it important?

6. * The Trust Titan Emerges * How did Carnegie avoid competition in the field of steel-making? * What is horizontal integration and how does it relate to Rockefeller? * Describe the concept of interlocking directorates. * How did Bessemer and Kelly change the steel industry? * How was the American stage set for the “miracles of production”? * Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel * Who was Andrew Carnegie and what industry was he related to? * Who was J.P Morgan and what industry was he related to? * How were Carnegie and Morgan involved in the 1900s and how did this impact both men?

7. * Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose * What was “Drake’s Folly”? * What was the first major product of the oil industry? * What caused kerosene to become almost obsolete? * What invention sparked the growth of the oil industry? * Who was John Rockefeller and with what business was he associated? * How did Rockefeller operate his business and how did he justify his behavior? * How was Standard Oil different than other oil production companies around the world? * What other trusts blossomed during this time and how did this impact social classes? * The Gospel of Wealth * What was the “Gospel of Wealth”? * Describe the philosophies of Spencer and Sumner. * How did these philosophies of Darwin? * How did most of the rich feel about the poor? * How did Plutocracy invoke the Constitution?

8. * Government Tackles the Trust Evil * How did the public first try to control Trusts? * Describe the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890. * What were the major issues with the Sherman Act? * How was the Sherman Act used? * How successful was the early Sherman Act? * The South in the Age of Industry? * How was the South impacted by the industrial revolution? * What new invention impacted the South in the 1880s? * What obstacles were present in the South in relation to manufacturing? * Describe the Pittsburg plus pricing system. * How was cotton impacted by manufacturing? * In what ways were cotton mills beneficial and not beneficial to the South? * How were rural white southerners impacted by the mills?

9. * The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America * How was the standard of living impacted for most Americans during the Industrial Revolution? * How were Jeffersonian ideals impacted by the Industrial Revolution? * How was the concept of time impacted by factory work? * Describe the impact that industrialization had on women. * How did industrialization impact social classes? * Describe the shift of workers from agriculture to manufacturing. * What were reformers working for during the industrial revolution? * In Unions There is Strength * How did factories negatively impact the working class? * How did immigrants impact the labor market? * When individual workers tried to organize, what did corporations do? * What could corporations do to their workers if they tried to organize (other options)? * In what ways did unions seem socialistic?

10. * Labor Limps Along * How did the civil war impact labor unions? * Describe the National Labor Union and its goals. * Describe the Knights of Labor and its goals. * On what platform did the Knights of Labor campaign? * What did the Knights of labor win for laborers? * Unhorsing the Knights of Labor * Describe the Haymarket Square episode. * How did the Haymarket Square episode impact the Knights of Labor? * The Knights encompassed both skilled and unskilled workers, why was this problematic?

11. * The AF of L of the Fore * Describe the brainchild of the AF of L. * Describe the AF of L and its goals. * How did Gompers attempt social reform? * What was a major goal of Gompers? * Who did the AF of L represent? * How did strikes impact laborers and employers? * What was the gravest weakness of organized labor? * How did the public attitude towards labor change in the late 1800s?