1. Biological Bases of Behavior
Unit 3

2. The Nervous System
The nervous system controls your emotions, movements, thinking, and behavior
Structurally, the nervous system is divided into two parts
Central Nervous System (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – the smaller branches of nerves that reach the other parts of the body
The nerves of the PNS conduct information from the bodily organs to the CNS and back to the organs
All parts of the nervous system are protected in some way
The bony protection of the spinal cord is vital as an injury could prevent the transmittal of messages and could result in paralysis

3. Neurons
Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves, which are strings of long, thin cells called neurons
Transmission between neurons occurs whenever the cells are stimulated past a minimum point and emit a signal
Neurons have four basic parts:
Dendrites – receive messages from other neurons and send them to the cell body
Cell body – houses the nucleus
Axon – Carries the messages from the cell body toward the axon terminal
Axon Terminals – release neurotransmitters to stimulate dendrites of the next neuron

5. There are different types of neurons
The intensity of activity in each neuron depends on how many other neurons are acting on it
The actual destination of nerve impulses produced by an excited neuron is limited by what tract in the nervous system they are on
Ascending tracts carry sensory impulses to the brain
Descending tracts carry motor impulses from the brain
There are different types of neurons
Afferent – sensory, relay messages from the sense organs to the brain
Efferent – motor, send signals from the brain to the glands & muscles
Interneurons – process signals, connect only to other neurons

6. Unit 3 Vocabulary
This is your homework for tonight and it will be checked tomorrow (9/23)
Your quiz will be THIS Thursday (September 25th)
Corpus Callosum
Neuron
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Heredity
Perception
Selective Attention
Neurotransmitter
Hormone
Trait

7. Vocabulary Check Corpus Callosum - Neuron - Nervous system -
Endocrine system -
Heredity -
Perception -
Selective Attention -
Neurotransmitter -
Hormone -
Trait -

8. Voluntary & Involuntary Activities
Some of the actions that your body makes in response to impulses from the nerves are either voluntary or involuntary acts
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary activities
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities (i.e. heartbeat, stomach activity, etc.)
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity
The parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve energy and to enhance the body’s ability to recover from strenuous activity

9. Studying the Brain The brain is composed of three parts
The hindbrain – located at the rear base of the skull, involved in the most basic processes of life. Includes the cerebellum (controls posture, balance, and voluntary movements), medulla (controls breathing and heart rate), and pons (bridge between spinal cord and the brain)
The midbrain – is a small part of the brain above the pons that arouses the brain, integrates sensory information, and relays it upward
The forebrain – covers the brain’s central core, responsible for sensory and motor control and the processing of thinking and language

11. How Psychologists Study the Brain
The methods they use to explore the brain are:
Recording – Scientists insert electrodes into the brain to record electrical activity in the brain. The activity of whole areas of the brain can be recorded with an electroencephalograph (EEG), which is attached to the scalp. Observed that activity rises and falls rhythmically weather you’re awake, drowsy, or asleep
Stimulating – Electrodes are used to fire off neurons. Can be used to find malfunctioning parts of the brain
Lesioning – Sometimes scientists create lesions in the brain to see if an animal behaves differently. If so, they assume that the part of the brain thatwas destroyed was involved with that behavior
Imaging – different scans (CT, PET, MRI) can be used to capture pictures of the brain to pinpoint parts of the brain that are being used or have been damaged

12. Phineas Gage
Psychologists can also learn from the tragedies when people suffer accidents
Phineas Gage was a respected railroad foreman who demonstrated restraint, good judgment, and the ability to work well with others
His crew was about to explode some dynamite to clear a path for the railroad as Gage was filling a hole with dynamite it went off
The tamping iron, which was 13 lbs and 3 ft long, shot up in the air and entered into Gage’s head right below the left eye and exited through the top of his skull
Gage survived the accident but his personality
changed greatly (short-tempered, difficult to
be around, said inappropriate things)
Scientists later found that damage to the
frontal lobes prevents censoring of thoughts
and ideas.

13. The Endocrine System
The nervous system is one of two communication systems for sending information to and from the brain; the second is the endocrine system
The endocrine system sends chemical messages, called hormones (which are produced in the endocrine glands and distributed by blood and other body fluids)
Though hormones circulate throughout the bloodstream, they are only received at the particular organ that they influence
Hormones affect the growth of bodily structures such as muscles and bones, metabolic processes, moods, and drives

14. Glands of the Body Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland
Acts as the master gland
Located near the midbrain and the hypothalamus, it secretes a large number of hormones (which the hypothalamus monitors and can correct imbalances)
Carry messages to organs involved in regulating and storing nutrients; also controls growth and reproduction
Thyroid Gland
Produces the hormone thyroxine, which stimulates certain chemical reactions that are important for the tissues of the body
Too little thyroxine makes people feel lazy and lethargic (hypothyroidism)
Too much thyroxine may cause people to lose weight, sleep, and be overactive (hyperthyroidism)

15. Adrenal Glands Sex Glands
Become active when a person is angry or freightened
Release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream, which cause the heartbeat and breathing to increase
Can also heighten emotions, fear, and anxiety which help a person generate extra energy to handle a difficult situation
Also secrete cortical steroids which help muscles develop and cause the liver to release stored sugar for extra energy
Sex Glands
Two types of sex glands: testes (males) and ovaries (females)
Testes produce sperm and testosterone which is important in the physical development of amles
Ovaries produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone which regulate the reproductive cycle of females

16. Right Brain or Left Brain
Each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for different functions
Left Hemisphere
Sends signals to the right arm and leg
Responsible for many of the logical and thinking process of the brain:
Using Facts
Analyzing
Working with numbers
Sequential thinking and details
If you have a dominance in the left brain, then you are a verbal learner (do better reading or hearing information)

17. Right Brain or Left Brain
Each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for different functions
Right Hemisphere
Sends signals to the left arm and leg
More creative half and is involved in visual tasks like:
Visual imagery
Music, including rhyming
Creative writing, like drama and poetry
Imagination
If you have a dominance in the right brain, then you are a visual learner (do better with visual aids, drawings, or charts)

18. Right Brain or Left Brain
Your task is to figure out which is your dominate hemisphere
Go to:
When you have finished the quiz, show me your score so I can add this participation to your grade
To get full credit on this assignment, you need to write down 3 ways that you can incorporate your dominate side into your study/school work and hand these in

19. Biological Bases of Behavior
Your tasks for today and tomorrow are to make sure you understand the biological bases of behavior
Go to
Chapter 2 (which is the chapter you’ll link to) has all of this information broken down into groups
We’ve briefly discussed some of these groups, however, there is a lot of new information that we did not discuss
You need to read through the chapter or watch the videos included and take detailed notes over the sections
You WILL need to know this information on the test so make sure you are working to get this information down