1. From research question to objectives via a literature review Tim Dolin

2. First rule The candidacy application is a research proposal

3. Recap: from topic to question  What do I want to know?  Is it answerable?  Is it researchable?  Is it significant?  Can I do it?

4. From research question to objectives  What kind of work do I need to do in order to answer my question?  What steps do I need to take?

5. What are objectives?  Objectives are statements, not questions  Objectives are numbered in a list  Objectives are the successive steps you need to take in order to answer your research question

6. Objectives and methodology  Objectives are statements of what you intend to do to find the answer to your research question  Methodology just applies a particular approach or set of approaches to that same process of finding out  Your objectives will therefore form the basis of your methodology

7. How to write your objectives  Your objectives are structured using action- words like: assess or reassess develop provide (an understanding of …) examine analyse interpret elucidate articulate establish construct evaluate or re-evaluate

8. How to write your objectives  Your action-words should be oriented towards an OUTCOME an interpretation an assessment or reassessment  Be careful of words that are not precise about what you want to know The word EXPLORE

9. How to write your objectives  There should be a logical sequence to your objectives A list of stages: the order in which you’ll be finding things out—for example:  To identify a problem  To develop a solution  To design and implement the solution  To assess its impact

10. The research triangle significance research question methodology objectives

11. Literature review and the candidacy proposal Significance Background Research question Methodology Objectives Literature review

12. What is a literature review?  A literature review ISN’T a descriptive list a series of paragraphs beginning with yet another author's name a series of summaries

13. What is a literature review?  A literature review IS a thoughtful thematic review of any historical, theoretical and methodological issues you are dealing with focussed around your research question, written discursively telling your readers which academic conversations you are taking part in - and WHY.

14. What is a literature review?  Historical issues – what past work has been done in this area?  Theoretical issues – what past and present frameworks of explanation have been used?  Methodological issues- how have others have tackled similar (or even very different) problems?

15. Why do a literature review?  Helps you to ask: what is the significance of my research? what is known and not known? what has and has not been done? what questions need further research/creative exploration?

16. Why do a literature review?  Helps you to help you shape your research question and objectives To think laterally and creatively about other potential search areas

17. Why do a literature review?  Helps you to choose appropriate approaches and methodologies identify areas of theoretical or methodological debate or disagreement, controversy or inconsistency

18. Why do a literature review?  Helps you to choose appropriate approaches and methodologies identify areas of theoretical or methodological debate or disagreement, controversy or inconsistency

19. Why do a literature review?  Helps you to to practice and develop research techniques and skills to read in a targeted way to develop skills of critical appraisal and capacity to identify the objectives and arguments of those you are reading and to articulate their strengths and weaknesses

20. Literature review and the candidacy proposal Significance Background Research question Methodology Objectives Literature review

21. Group exercise Research question? List of objectives List of methods 1.To identify a problem 2.To develop a solution 3.To design and implement the solution 4.To assess its impact 1.HOW identify the problem (lit review)? 2.HOW develop a solution? 3.HOW design and implement the solution? 4.HOW assess its impact