1. Moles  Atoms Moles  Grams
Copyright Sautter 2003

2. Introduction
How did you determine the number of M&Ms in the bag without actually counting?

3. Atoms
Can you determine the number of atoms of an element even though you can not actually count them?
Yes… IF there is a conversion factor that allows you to convert between mass and number of atoms.

4. Key Terms Relative atomic mass (RAM or Ar) Relative formula mass (RFM)
Relative molecular mass (RMM or Mr)
Avogadro’s number
Mole

5. Moles Calculations By the end of the lesson you will be able to....
Rearrange the mole triangle to convert mass to moles and vice versa.
Work out the formula of a substance if you know the percentage masses.

6. To start... What is a mole (description)?
What is the value for a mole?
If we had a mole of bananas, how many bananas would we have?
If we had a mole of carbon atoms, how many atoms would we have?
What is the mass of a mole of carbon atoms?

7. What is a mole?
A mole is a name for a number just like the word dozen is a name for a number.
As you know, a dozen means the number 12.
A mole is a number too but a much, much, much bigger number.
A mole is 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. In words it is six hundred and two hexillion !
Why is a mole so big? Because it is used to count atoms and molecules which are very, very, very small, It takes lots of them just to be seen much less work with them. A speck of dusk contains trillions of atoms or more!

8. The number of seconds in 19,100,000,000,000,000 years
1 mole = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
HOW BIG IS A MOLE ? REALLY !
The number of seconds in 19,100,000,000,000,000 years
86,000,000,000,000 times the earth's population
60,000 times the number of known stars

9. How big are atoms and molecules ?
ONE MOLE ,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
WATER MOLECULES CAN FIT
INTO FIVE TEASPOONS !

10. Mass, Moles and RAM (Mr)
Mass
Moles
RAM

11. Calculate the number of moles (to 2dp) in...
Mass, Moles and RAM (Mr)
To calculate the number of moles we need to know the mass and the Mr (RAM):
Moles = Mass Mr
Calculate the number of moles (to 2dp) in...
13g of Na
26g of Mg
46g of Ca
0.57 moles
1.08 moles
1.15 moles

12. Mass, Moles and RAM (Mr) 14g 42g 9.6g
To calculate the mass of a substance when we know how many moles there are...
Mass = Moles x Mr
Calculate the mass of...
2 moles of Li
3.5 moles of C
0.3 moles of S
14g
42g
9.6g

13. Counting Atoms and Molecules
If atoms and molecules are so small and numerous, how can they be counted??
If atoms and molecules could be seen and all the people on the earth began counting the water molecules in our five teaspoons of water and if everyone counted day and night for his entire life, and if we added all their results together we would still not count them all !!
Counting atoms and molecules is difficult but we have an easy way to count them.

14. Counting Large Numbers of Small Things
How can we find out
without counting
them all ??
How many marbles are
in the jar ?
Suppose that we could
weigh a dozen
of the marbles and
we could also weigh
the marbles in the jar !
How would that help ?
Let’s pretend that the marbles in the jar
weigh 2000 grams and a dozen marbles
weigh 25 grams. Can you tell the
number of marbles in the jar ?

15. COUNTING LARGE NUMBERS OF SMALL THINGS
In our marble example, the marbles weighed 2000 grams and one dozen of the marbles weighed 25 grams.
Dividing 2000 grams (all the marbles) by 25 grams (the weight of one dozen) gives 80 dozen marbles.
Multiplying 80 times 12 we get 960 marbles in the jar without actually counting all of the marble !
In the case of atoms or molecules the same idea can be used. If we know the weight of a number of a certain type of atom or molecule and the weight of the sample that we have we can then determine the number of atoms or molecules in the sample by division and multiplication.

16. COUNTING LARGE NUMBERS OF SMALL THINGS
In counting atoms and molecules we will not use a dozen as our counted quantity. A dozen atoms would be so small that they could never even be seen with traditional microscopes.
Our counted quantity will be one mole (6.02 x 1023 *) atoms or molecules. Unlike our marble example we will not count out and weigh the reference sample. Luckily, this work has been done for us.
The Periodic Table of the Elements lists the weight (mass) of one mole of every element. We can find the weight of one mole of each element in grams.
* 6.02 x = 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1 mole

17. MOLES GRAMS MOLES GRAMS GRAMS MOLES
MULTIPLE BY GRAM MOLECULAR / ATOMIC WEIGHT*
GRAMS MOLES
DIVIDE BY GRAM MOLECULAR / ATOMIC WEIGHT
* weight of one mole from the periodic table
How are the
number of moles
determined
from the number
of grams ?

18. MOLES  ATOMS MOLES ATOMS multiply by 6.02 x 1023 MOLES ATOMS
divide by x 1023
How are the
number of atoms
determined
from the number
of moles ?

19. How heavy is a mole?
We can work out how many moles of a substance we have by dividing mass by RAM/RMM.
The mass of 1 mole of a substance varies. It depends on its RAM or RMM. 1 mole of carbon has a mass of 12g but 1 mole of oxygen would have a mass of 32g.
Mass (g)
RAM/RMM
moles

20. MOLES Mass (g) Volume (L) # Atoms Conversion Factor: molar mass
Conversion Factor: Avogadro’s number
6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol
Conversion Factor: molar volume
(22.4 L / 1 mol)
Volume (L)
# Atoms

21. FINDING GRAM ATOMIC WEIGHTS (WT OF 1 MOLE)
Oxygen O
Atomic number 8
Atomic mass 16.0
Mass of one mole
16.0 grams
6.02 x atoms of O
FIND THE ATOMIC MASS OF THE ELEMENT ON THE PERIODIC TABLE.
IT IS THE LARGER OF THE TWO NUMBERS SHOWN IN THE BLOCK!

22. From the Periodic Table
Let’s try some problems with moles ! How many moles are contained in 36.0 grams of oxygen?
Solution:
36.0 grams / 16.0 grams per mole = 2.25 moles
36.0 grams contains 2.25 moles of Oxygen Atoms
From the Periodic Table

23. How many atoms are contained in 36.0 grams of oxygen?
Solution:
36.0 grams / 16.0 grams per mole = 2.25 moles of O
2.25 mole x (6.02 x 1023 atoms per mole) = 1.35 x1024 atoms of oxygen

24. How many moles are contained in 3.6 x 1024 atoms?
Solution:
(3.6 x 1024atoms) / (6.02 x 1023) = 6.0 moles
OF ANY KIND OF ATOMS !!

25. How many grams does 3.6 x 1024 atoms of S “weigh” (mass)?
SOLUTION:
From the Periodic Table, Gram Atomic Mass of S is 32.1 grams
(3.6 x 1024) / (6.02 x 1023) = 6.0 moles of S
6.0 x 32.1 = grams of Sulfur is the “weight” (mass) of 3.6 x 1024 atoms of S!
O.K. !!

26. Write an equation: 2C + O2  2CO
Moles are useful because they help us work out how much of something we might make or need. E.g. what mass of CO is made if you burn carbon with 16g of O2?
Write an equation: C + O2  2CO
The equation tells us how many moles of everything there is:
2 moles of C + 1 mole of O2  2 moles of CO
Now work out how many moles you have of O2 (it has to be O2 because this is the only substance you are told anything about):
Moles of O2 = mass/RMM = 16/32 = 0.5 mol
Now use the equation to work out how many moles of CO you would make:
If there was 1 mole of O2 there would be 2 moles of CO
so moles of CO = moles O2 x 2 = 1 mol
Now convert the numbers of moles you have to mass:
Mass of CO = moles x RMM = 1 x (12+16) = 28g

27. Moles and Gases
Remember that 1 mole of ANY gas at room temperature and pressure is 22400cm3 or 22.4dm3 or 22.4l.
Example: what volume of gas would be made if 6g of carbon reacted with oxygen?
Write an equation: C + O2  CO2
The equation tells us how many moles of everything there is:
1 mole of C + 1 mole of O2  1 mole of CO2
Now work out how many moles you have of C (it has to be C because this is the only substance you are told anything about):
Moles of C = mass/RMM = 6/12 = 0.5 mol
Now use the equation to work out how many moles of CO2 you would make:
If there was 1 mole of C there would be 1 mole of CO2
so moles of CO2 = moles C = 0.5 mol
Now convert the numbers of moles you have to volume:
Volume of CO2 = moles x volume = 0.5 x 24 = 12dm3

28. Moles and Concentration
1 mole of a substance dissolved in 1 dm3 of water has a concentration of 1mol/dm3 or 1M.
Example: What is the concentration of a solution of NaCl containing 58.5g in 500cm3 of water?
Moles of NaCl = mass/RMM= 58.5/58.5 = 1mol
Concentration = moles/vol = 1/0.5= 2M
Moles
Conc (mol/dm3)
Vol (dm3)

29. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 mole (in grams)
Equal to the numerical value of the average atomic mass (get from periodic table)
1 mole of C atoms = g
1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.3 g
1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g

30. Molar Mass of Molecules and Compounds
Mass in grams of 1 mole equal numerically to the sum of the atomic masses
1 mole of CaCl2 = g/mol
1 mole Ca x 40.1 g/mol
+ 2 moles Cl x 35.5 g/mol = 71 g/mol
= g/mol CaCl2
1 mole of N2O4 = 92.0 g/mol

31. Converting Moles and Grams
Aluminum is often used for the structure of light-weight bicycle frames. How many grams of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al?
3.00 moles Al ? g Al

32. Learning Check!
The artificial sweetener aspartame (Nutra-Sweet) formula C14H18N2O5 is used to sweeten diet foods, coffee and soft drinks. How many moles of aspartame are present in 225 g of aspartame?

33. Everything must go through Moles!!!
Calculations
molar mass Avogadro’s number Grams Moles particles
Everything must go through Moles!!!

34. Atoms/Molecules and Grams
How many atoms of Cu are present in 35.4 g of Cu?
35.4 g Cu mol Cu X 1023 atoms Cu g Cu mol Cu
= 3.4 X 1023 atoms Cu

35. Learning Check!
How many atoms of K are present in 78.4 g of K?

36. Learning Check!
What is the mass (in grams) of 1.20 X 1024 molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)?

37. Percent Composition
Used to describe the make up of a compound by mass percentage
Compare the mass of each element present in 1 mole to the total mass of the compound

38. Sample Problem
Penicillin F has the formula C14H20N2SO4 What is the mass percent of each element?

39. Empirical vs Molecular Formula
Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n
Where n is an integer
Assume a 100 g of the sample
Then each % will also be the mass
Determine the number of moles
Find ratio by using the smallest amount
Whole numbers represent subscripits

40. Sample problem
Caffeine contains 49.48% carbon, 5.15% hydrogen, 28.87% nitrogen and 16.49% oxygen and a molar mass of g/mol. What is the empirical and molecular formula of caffeine?

41. To obtain an Empirical Formula
1. Determine the mass in grams of each element present, if necessary.
2. Calculate the number of moles of each element.
3. Divide each by the smallest number of moles to obtain the simplest whole number ratio.
If whole numbers are not obtained* in step 3), multiply through by the smallest number that will give all whole numbers
* Be careful! Do not round off numbers prematurely

42. Calculation of the Molecular Formula
A compound has an empirical formula of NO2. The colourless liquid, used in rocket engines has a molar mass of 92.0 g/mole. What is the molecular formula of this substance?

43. Empirical Formula from % Composition
A substance has the following composition by mass: % Na ; % B ; % H
What is the empirical formula of the substance?
Consider a sample size of 100 grams
This will contain grams of B and grams H
Determine the number of moles of each
Determine the simplest whole number ratio

44. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER! WHAT IS IT??
ONE MOLE IS 6.02 x 1023 of ANYTHING just as ONE DOZEN 12 of ANYTHING!
This NUMBER (6.02 x 1023) is called Avogadro’s Number!!

45. WHAT ABOUT MOLECULES??
A MOLECULE IS A GROUP OF CHEMICALLY BONDED (LINKED) ATOMS.
FOR EXAMPLE: CARBON DIOXIDE
FORMULA: CO2
IT CONSISTS OF 1 ATOM OF CARBON C AND TWO ATOMS OF OXYGEN O

46. HOW DO WE KNOW THE MASS OF 1 MOLE OF A MOLECULE??
ADD THE MASS OF ONE MOLE OF EACH OF THE ATOMS WHICH MAKES UP THE MOLECULE!
FOR EXAMPLE: CO2
1 X 12 FOR THE ONE CARBON = 12 g
2 X 16 FOR THE TWO OXYGENS = 32 g
TOTAL MASS FOR ONE MOLE OF CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) IS THE SUM OF 12 g AND 32 g = 44 grams

47. HOW DO WE FIND THE NUMBER OF MOLES, MASSES AND NUMBER OF MOLECULES THEN??
USE THE SAME STEPS AS WHEN DEALING WITH ATOMS EXCEPT WE NOW USE THE GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MASS) AS WE SHOWED IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE!

48. FINDING THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF MOLECULES
HOW MANY MOLES OF CARBON DIOXIDE ARE CONTAINED 88.0 GRAMS OF CO2 ?
AS WE SAW EARLIER, 1 MOLE OF CO2 HAS A MASS OF 44.0 GRAMS.
88.0 grams / 44.0 grams per mole = 2.0 moles of CO2
HOW MANY MOLECULES ARE PRESENT?
1 Mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
2.0 mole x (6.02 x 1023) = x 1023 CO2 molecules
HOW MANY ATOMS ARE PRESENT?
Each CO2 contains 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms, a total of 3 atoms in each molecule.
12.04 x 1023 molecules x 3 atoms per molecule = 36.1 x atoms

49. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!! TRY SOME PROBLEMS USING THE STEPS SHOWN HERE.
THE MORE YOU DO THE EASIER THEY GET!!!!

50. TEMPUS EST