1. Research into the problems caused by driving rain on exposed solid stone buildings DAMP TOWERS PROJECT English Heritage University of Oxford Sheffield Hallam University Colin Burns Ridout Associates Architects and Contractors

2. This talk water penetration potential remedies climatic futures the research project: site testing and monitoring laboratory simulations results

3. The Problem failed repairs construction history moisture movement testing & monitoring

4. St Michael’s, Princetown

5. Ypres Tower, Rye, E Sussex

7. St Senara, Zennor, Cornwall

9. Winter rainfall predictions

10. Winter daily windspeed predictions 2050s Source: UKCIP, 2002

11. Traditional Repairs stonework pointing rendering grouting plastering

12. Questions to answer how does driving rain enter solid masonry? how does water, moisture, vapour move within solid masonry? what difference does wind pressure, humidity, time, temperature make? are there differences in types of rain?

13. Questions to answer what are relative differences between remedial treatments? are there examples of similar towers performing differently which treatments work best? to what extent are human faults responsible for performance?

14. Holy Trinity, Challacombe, Devon

18. Castle Drogo

20. St John the Baptist, Stowford, Devon

26. Laboratory Testing Sheffield Hallam University

29. Wall 1 Smooth Render Wall 2 Weathered joints Wall 3 Coarse finished render Wall 4 Repointed with OPC Wall 5 Control

32. Results of Phase 1 walls built with cement wetted up quickest & dried out slowest walls built with hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime mixes gave similar results walls built with hydraulic lime renders took longest to wet up and dried out quickest

37. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Run 5 Run 6 Start date 03/08/2004 16/09/2004 09/05/2005 04/10/2005 24/01/2006 02/05/2006 Testing Walls 1 & 2 as built Rendered walls 1 & 2, walls 3 & 4 as built Walls 1,2,3 & 4 all rendered Walls 1 & 2 plastered, walls 3 & 4 rendered Walls 1 & 2 plastered, walls 3 & 4 grouted & un-rendered

38. Tentative Results from Phase 2 whole of the wall acts as a system saturated walls without voids do not discharge water on the inside face walls with voids do discharge water on the inside face size of voids does not seem to make any difference

39. Tentative conclusions render is very effective at reducing water intake in voided walls lime putty render takes on more water but dries faster than hydraulic lime render grouting very effective especially for large voided wall during prolonged rain grouting only effective when voids filled plaster effectively reduces rain penetration

40. University of Oxford

42. Wytham, nr Oxford

50. Application to lighthouses understand the problem treatments depends on building & problem building needs to be considered as a complete system use traditional materials controlling indoor environments maintenance and monitoring