1. Lessons we have learned from seismological observations in the Taiwan region Jer-Ming Chiu CERI/Dept. of Earth Sciences University of Memphis March 19, 2014

2. Very complicated tectonic process and significant lateral variations of topography and near-surface geology

3. Seismicity associated with plate convergence in the Taiwan region is one of the highest in the world Relocated seismicity using 3-D Vp and Vs model of Kim et al., (2005)

4. 1. Subduction Zone Earthquakes Taiwan is located along a plate boundary between the converging Phillippine Sea and Eurasian plates – converging rate ~82 mm/year Mountain building began about 5 million years ago and accelerated about 1 million years ago – one of the youngest and most active orogenic processes around the world Seismicity associated with plate convergence in the Taiwan region is one of the highest in the world

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9. 2. Thin-crust beneath the collision suture

10. Northern Longitudinal Valley

11. Southern Longitudinal Valley

12. There are three surprises for seismograms from shallow eastern Taiwan earthquakes

13. Pn waves observed at two stations (TWG and SGS) at 146.5 km are not a surprise. The first surprise is that there is 4 seconds travel time difference between the two stations. No obvious Pn type arrival at the TWQ station is not a surprise. The second surprise is that the small amplitude Pn type arrival is observed at TWF station but not at TWQ station, both at the same epicenter distance (83 km). The third surprise is that there is ~3.3 sec travel time difference between the two station.

14. For event #2 in the northern collision zone suture

15. For event #4 in the southern collision zone suture

16. For event #1 occurred outside of the collision zone region

17. P-wave travel time residuals from anti- pole earthquakes reported by B.S. Huang (1998) P-wave travel time residuals generated from 3D model of Rau and Wu (1995) P-wave travel time residuals generated from 3D model of Ma and Zhao (1996) 3. Very significant lateral variations of topography and near-surface geology generate -2 seconds and +2 seconds travel time residuals on the mountains and Western Foothills, respectively

18. P-wave travel time residuals from crustal earthquakes recorded by PANDA array (Chen 1997) P-wave travel time residuals from anti-pole earthquakes reported by B.S. Huang (1998)

19. 5 groups of clustered earthquakes are randomly selected for the JHD analysis to quantify the significance of lateral structural variations in Taiwan region. Station corrections created from the JHS analysis represent the discrepancies of the real earth structure in the region from a “homogeneous layered model”.

20. P-station corrections S-station corrections

21. P-station corrections S-station corrections

22. Lateral variations of topography and near-surface geology contribute to the observed ±2 seconds of P-wave travel time residuals

23. 4. Sedimentary Basins Most sedimentary basins are located in western Taiwan Geometry and seismic response of most sedimentary basins in Taiwan are not well- known Lateral variations of velocity structures from beneath sedimentary basins to high mountains are very significant for both P and S-waves that hypocenters in Taiwan region are systematically mis-located

24. Major sedimentary basins in the Taiwan region are visible from a thin-sliced Vp image from the results of a 3-D tomographic inversion (Kim et al., 2005)

25. Low velocity basins Taipei basin Hsin-Chu basin

26. 5. Structural images beneath the Tatung volcanic group The low Vp but high Vp/Vs ration beneath the Tatung volcanic group may suggest a potential of partially melted magma reservoir

27. 6. Reliable earthquake locations using 3-D Vp and Vs models

28. Comparison of hypocenters before (block open circles) and after (white open circles) in center eastern Taiwan.

29. Example of impact of dense local seismic array on earthquake location to associate earthquake with active faults

30. The high-velocity mountain region becomes low velocity at mid-to-lower crust 7. Structural Images from from 3-D Vp and Vs model (Kime et al., 2005) Vp

31. Thin-sliced Vs model at various depths The high-velocity mountain region becomes low velocity at mid-to-lower crust Vs

32. Obs. Syn Pattern of JHD station corrections for G1 events

34. A New Tectonic Model of Central Taiwan from the New Data

35. Conclusions: Our understanding of structural images and tectonic evolution of Taiwan region have significantly progressed in modern time due to dramatic improvement of earthquake data and endless research efforts of seismological community in Taiwan and other foreign colleagues. However, the more we have discovered the more “problems” or “new unknowns” have also emerged. This is a very exciting in progress effort to be continued.