2. 1 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Anatomy and Physiology

3. 2 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene ANATOMY DEFINITIONS MUSCLES - exert forces to create movement and to hold the body in various positions. BONES - provide the framework to which muscles, ligaments and tendons attach. LIGAMENTS - connect bone to bone. TENDONS - attach muscle to bone. NERVES - allow signals to be transmitted to and from brain. VEINS/ARTERIES (VASCULAR) - allow for proper blood circulation.

4. 3 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Overexertion Injury Types Strains –Muscles –Tendons Sprains –Ligaments Disc / Nerve –Prolapse or herniation of disc –Sciatic nerve

5. 4 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Common CTD’s Tendonitis Tenosynovitis Trigger Finger Epicondylitis Thorasic Outlet Syndrome Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

6. 5 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Tendon & Tendon Sheaths

7. 6 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Carpal Tunnel

8. 7 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

9. 8 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Hand Nerve Patterns

10. 9 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Common Upper Extremity Cumulative Trauma Disorders Rotator Cuff Tendinitis Bicipital Tenosynovitis Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Median Nerve Lateral Epicondylitis Radial Nerve Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Gaylon Tunnel Syndrome Ulnar Nerve

14. 13 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Two Kinds of Back Injuries MUSCULARSPINAL

15. 14 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Muscular Injuries Heal Quickly –Most muscle injuries heal within 10 days Once Injured, can be as good as new

16. 15 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Muscle Blood Usage RestingDynamicStatic blood flow needed blood flow supplied blood flow needed blood flow needed blood flow supplied blood flow supplied

17. 16 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene The Spine Cervical Curve Thoracic Curve Lumbar Curve

18. 17 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Spinal Column Cervical Vertebrae L1 Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx L = Lumbar S = Sacrum L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Thoracic Vertebrae

19. 18 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene The Spine Top View Side View

20. 19 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Disc Soft Center Outer Ring Vertebrae Nerve Root Facet Joint Structure of the Spine

21. 20 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene The Spine Scar tissue from healing fractures hinders passage of nutrients to disc resulting in gradual weakening and de-generation.

22. 21 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Spinal Discs Under Various Loads Normal Load Additional Load Uneven Load Torsion Load

23. 22 Ergonomics ANATOMYANATOMY BWC Div. Of Safety & Hygiene Disc Degeneration