1. 1  Reaction – Pressurized discharge  Pump as Turbine (PAT)  Francis Turbine  Some proprietary Turgo type turbines  Impulse – Atmospheric discharge  Pelton  Turgo Types of Turbines

2. Montrose County, CO Water Authority Head: 117 feet / 50.6 psi Flow: 12.45 cfs / 5,586 gpm Output: 91 kW / 122 HP W-2-W Eff: 73.9% Runtime: 8760 hr/yr Electrical Savings: 797,160 kW-hr/yr Pump as Turbine (PAT) Simply a centrifugal pump Force of water hitting the impeller spins the impeller in the reverse direction Fixed flow – Inlet pressure determines the flow capacity of the PAT – Multiple PATs required for variable flow conditions

3. Swalley Irrigation District, Bend, OR Francis Turbine Head: 160 feet / 69.2 psi Flow: 65 cfs / 29,172 gpm Output: 728 kW / 976 HP W-2-W Eff: 82.8% Runtime: 8760 hr/yr Electrical Savings: 6,377,280 kW-hr/yr Francis Turbine How it works: Water enters the turbine through a spiral shaped inlet. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the turbine runner. This radial flow acts on the turbine's vanes, causing the runner to spin. The water exits through the center of the runner. The runner is located between the high- pressure water source and the low-pressure water exit at the center of the turbine. Guide vanes are shown in yellow. Left picture shows them closed or at minimum flow setting. Right picture shows the open or at maximum flow setting. Guide vanes allow operation under a range of flows.

4. City of Cortez, CO Water Treatment Plant Pelton Turbine Head: 355 feet / 154 psi Flow: 10 cfs / 4,488 gpm Output: 246 kW / 330 HP W-2-W Eff: 82% Runtime: 8760 hr/yr Electrical Savings: 2,154,960 kW-hr/yr Pelton Turbine How it works: The water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. Nozzles direct forceful streams of water against a series of spoon- shaped buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. As water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity changes and the water is decelerated. In the process, the water's momentum is transferred to the turbine.

5. Turgo Turbine Same principle as pelton Runner is about half the size of a pelton wheel and “buckets” are internal to the runner