1. Ions and Ionic Compounds

2. How much an element reacts depends on…
Electron Configuration
Oxygen vs. Neon
Electron Configuration: 1s22s22p4
Orbital Diagram for Neon
Electron Configuration: 1s22s22p6
Oxygen: 2p orbital only has 4 electrons can hold 6 electrons
Neon: Has a full 2p electron orbital or shell with 6 electrons

3. Octet Rule
A concept of chemical bonding theory that atoms tend to have either an empty valence shell or full valence shell of 8 electrons. All atoms try to get an octet, 8 electrons in their outermost shell by either losing or gaining electrons. This is an attempt to have the electron configuration of a noble gas.
*Valence shell: the electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom.
Orbital
Electrons s 2 p 6 d 10 f 14

4. Alkali Metals and Halogens
Most reactive elements
Outer s and p orbital that do not match the Noble gases will react to lose or gain an electron…so the outer orbital will be full.

5. Cations and Anions Cation: atoms lose electrons
Usually metals
Anion: atom gains electrons
Usually non-metals
Ions form in order to achieve an octet (or as close as possible).
Ions have different properties than their parent atoms.

8. Oxidation states, valences

9. Ion examples

10. Order of Stability Octet Filled or half filled outer orbital
Fill the best they can

13. Ionic Bonding and Salts
Ionic bond: transfer of electrons (opposite charges attract, cations and anions) compound becomes electroneutral (+ = - no net charge)

14. Sodium Chloride
Ionic bond form between sodium cations and chloride anions
Electrostatic attraction crystals

17. Ionic compounds Do not consist of molecules Bonds are strong,
multiple attractions
High melting point and boiling point
Hard and Brittle
Conduct electricity (if ions are mobile, in other words melted or dissolved in water)

18. Conducting electricity

19. Crystals
Crystal lattice: regular pattern in which a crystal is arranged
Unit cell: the smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows a 3-d pattern of the entire lattice

20. Some examples of unit cells