1. Single & Double Replacement
Net Ionic Reactions
Single & Double Replacement

2. REPLACEMENT REACTIONS - one element replaces another in a compound - more active metals replace less active metals OR more active nonmetals replace less active nonmetals (see activity chart on other side) A + BC  AC + B KEY: REACTANTS ARE 1 ELEMENT AND 1 COMPOUND - ORDER NOT IMPORTANT - ELEMENT CAN’T BE O2 A. More active metals replace less active metals from their compounds. Hydrogen can act like a metal. Cu + 2 AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2 B. More active nonmetals replace less active nonmetals from their compounds. Cl2 + 2 NaI  2 NaCl + I2 C. Very active metals (only the first 5) can replace one (AND ONLY ONE) of the hydrogens from the stable compound water. 2 Na + 2 H2O  2 NaOH + H2 a metal hydroxide is always one of the products.

3. IONIC REACTIONS - (also called double replacement reactions) ions, usually in solution, exchange respective cations and anions - these reactions occur when ions are removed from solution by the formation of a precipitate or by the formation of a molecular compound. These reactions can be further divided into the following 3 classifications below:
KEY: REACTANTS ARE 2 COMPOUNDS - UNLESS BOTH ARE OXIDES AB + CD  AD + CB
A. Precipitation Reaction - one of the possible products must be a precipitate or no reaction occurs.
AgNO3 + HCl  AgCl + HNO3 AgCl is a precipitate.
B. Molecular Reaction - the reaction occurs if one of the products is a molecular compound (examples: CO2, H2S, SO2, H2O)
H2SO4 + Na2O  Na2SO4 + H2O H2O is molecular
CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CO2 + H2O + CaCl CO2 is molecular
C. Acid - Base Reaction - an acid plus a base yields an ionic compound (a salt) and water (a molecular compound).
2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(OH)2  Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 H2O these are called
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O neutralization reactions

4. Directions:
For each of the following three reactions, write a balanced equation for the reaction in part (i) and answer the question about the reaction in part (ii). In part (i), coefficients should be in terms of lowest whole numbers. Assume that solutions are aqueous unless otherwise indicated. Represent substances in solutions as ions if the substances are extensively ionized. Omit formulas for any ions or molecules that are unchanged by the reaction. You may use the empty space at the bottom of the next page for scratch work, but only equations that are written in the answer boxes provide will be scored.

5. Consider the following reaction: potassium chromate + barium nitrate  barium chromate + potassium nitrate K2CrO4 + Ba(NO3)2  BaCrO4 + 2KNO3 This is an ionic reaction and it occurs in water (like most ionic reactions). The barium chromate is a precipitate. To indicate what is happening in this reaction we sometimes include the physical state of the reactants and products as follows: (aq) means aqueous or dissolved in water K2CrO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)BaCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

6. K2CrO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)BaCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
The above equation is called the molecular equation.
The complete ionic equation as written below:
2K+1(aq) + CrO4-2(aq)+ Ba+2(aq) + 2NO3-1 (aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2K+1(aq)+ 2NO3-1(aq)
Notice that all strong electrolytes are written as ions.
Also notice that there are K+1 and NO3-1 ions on both sides of the reaction. Since these ions are on both sides of the reaction, they are not actually part of the reaction and are called spectator ions.

7. The ions that actually participate in the chemical reaction are the following:
CrO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq)  BaCrO4 (s)
This last equation is called the net ionic equation and includes only the participating ions of the reaction.

8. An example forming a molecule instead of a precipitate
potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid water + potassium sulfate Molecular equation: 2KOH (aq) + H2SO4(aq)  2H2O (l) + 2KCl (aq) Complete ionic equation: 2 K+1(aq) + 2OH-1(aq) + 2H+1(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)  2H2O(l) + 2K+1(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Net ionic equation: 2 OH-1(aq) + 2 H+1(aq)  2 H2O(l)

9. A little lie we told….
Not all acids formed in ionic reactions indicate a reaction …. only WEAK acids
When we write ionic or net ionic reactions, all strong electrolytes are written as ions.
Reactions that produce one of the 7 strong acids may not occur.
Ex: NaCl (aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3 (aq) + HCl(aq)
Na+ + Cl- + H+ + NO3-  Na+ + NO3- + H+ + Cl-
No new substances are formed = no reaction

10. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
A process where electrons are transferred from one substance to another.
One substance is oxidized while another substance is reduced
Oxidation
loss of electrons
an increase in oxidation number
Reduction
- gain of electrons
- a decrease in oxidation number

11. How can you tell when a redox reaction is taking place?
Assign oxidation numbers to atoms in substances
2) Compare oxidation numbers before and after reaction to determine if atom has lost or gained electrons

12. Rules For Assigning Oxidation Numbers - A bookkeeping system
1. The oxidation number of an atom in an element is 0.
Examples: Na, H2, Br2, S8, Ne
Ox. #
2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is the same as its charge.
Examples: Na+1, Ca+2, Al+3, Cl-1, O-2
Ox #

13. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is zero.
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in an ion is equal to the charge on the ion.

14. 5. In compounds, fluorine is always assigned an oxidation number of -1
Hydrogen’s oxidation number will be
when bonded to a nonmetal (HCl)
-1 when bonded to a metal (NaH)
Examples:
NaH CaH2 HCl H2S
Na—H H—Ca—H H—Cl H—S—H +1 -1 -1 +2 -1 +1 -1 +1 -2 +1

15. 7. Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2
7. Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2. Exceptions: in peroxides, oxygen will be -1 and when combined with F, it will be +2 and in O2 it will be 0
Examples:
H2O CaO H2O2
H — O — H Ca—O H—O—O—H
O OF2
[O—O] F—O—F +1 -2 +1 +2 -2 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2

16. 8. Halogens usually have an oxidation number of -1
8. Halogens usually have an oxidation number of -1. Exception is when chlorine, bromine, iodine are combined with oxygen
Examples:
NaCl MgI OCl HOBr
Na—Cl, I—Mg—I, Cl—O—Cl, H—O—Br +1 -1 -1 +1 -2 +1 +1 -1 -2 +1 +2
** If none of the above rules help you get started…look for a atom
with a known charge and use that charge as its oxidation number
CdS: Cd-S
+2 -2

17. More examples AlH3 CO2 Al +3 O -2 H -1 C +4 Na2Cr2O7 S2O3-2 Na +1 S +2

18. Use algebra to determine oxidation numbers of "difficult" atoms.
Example: H2SO4
H is +1 * 2 = +2
O is -2 * 4 = -8
2 + x = 0
S is +6
Example: ClO4-1
-8 + x = -1
Cl is +7
Example: NH4+1
H is +1* 4 = +4
4 + x = 1
N is -3

19. Tricky Ones: FeSO4 The SO4 part has to have a charge of -2 O is -2
S is +6
To make a neutral compound Fe must be +2
Fe2(SO4)3
There are 3 sulfate ions for a total negative charge of -6
We need a total positive charge of +6
Each Fe must be +3

20. 2 Fe2O3 (s) + 3 C (s)  4 Fe (s) + 3 CO2 (g)–2
Fe is reduced, going from +3 to 0 and C is oxidized, going from 0 to +4, the O undergoes no change

21. Reducing agent
Causes reduction
Loses electrons
Undergoes oxidation
Oxidation number of atom increases

22. Oxidizing agent
Causes oxidation
Gains electrons
Undergoes reduction
Oxidation number of atom decreases

23. Assign oxidation numbers, indicate what is oxidized and reduced, indicate what is the oxidizing agent and reducing agent
Ca (s) + 2 H+1  Ca+2 (aq) H2 (g)
Ca is oxidized – increasing from 0 to +2
H+1 is reduced – decreasing from +1 to 0
Ca is the reducing agent
H+1 is the oxidizing agent

24. 2 Fe+2 (aq) + Cl2 (aq)  2 Fe+3 (aq) + 2 Cl-1 (aq)
Fe+2 is oxidized – increasing from +2 to +3
Cl2 is reduced – decreasing from 0 to -1
Fe+2 is the reducing agent
Cl2 is the oxidizing agent

25. In general, metals act as reducing agents (are oxidized) and nonmetals act a oxidizing agents (are reduced).

26. Replacement Reactions
Are redox reactions!
(So are many of the reactions we studied in chapter 3!)

27. Fe(s) + Ni+2(aq)  Fe+2(aq) + Ni(s)
Example: It is possible for metals to be oxidized in the presence of a salt (in solution):
Fe(s) + Ni(NO3)2(aq)  Fe(NO3)2(aq) + Ni(s) OR
Fe(s) + Ni+2(aq)  Fe+2(aq) + Ni(s)
In this reaction iron has been oxidized to Fe2+ while the Ni2+ has been reduced to Ni.

28. The Activity Series
We can list metals in order of decreasing ease of oxidation.
This list is the activity series.
The metals at the top of the activity series are called active metals and are easily oxidized.
The metals at the bottom of the activity series are called noble metals and NOT easily oxidized.

29. A metal in the activity series can only be oxidized by a metal ion below it.
(Higher will replace lower)
If we place Cu into a solution of Ag+ ions, then Cu2+ ions can be formed because Cu is above Ag in the activity series:
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) or
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

30. Decompositon of acids:
F. Acids (hydrogen combined with some negative ion) decompose into water and nonmetallic oxides.
H2CO3  H2O + CO2
2 H3PO4  P2O5 + 3 H2O
*This is NOT a redox reaction – the oxidation number on the nonmetal must stay constant. Use this knowledge to predict the formula for the nonmetal oxide.

31. Acid Decomposition
H2SO3  SxOy + H2O Hydrogen: +1 Oxygen: -2 Sulfur: +4 H2SO3  SO2 + H2O
Sulfur: +4
Since oxygen usually
Has an oxidation number
Of -2. The formula must be
SO2.

32. Composition Reactions:
E. Oxides of nonmetals combine with water to form compounds called acids. These acids will usually be made from an “ate” ion.
P2O5 + 3 H2O  2 H3PO4
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
F. Oxides of metals combine with oxides of nonmetals to yield ionic compounds. These compounds usually contain an “ate” ion.
Na2O + SO3  Na2SO4
*These are NOT redox reactions…oxidation numbers stay constant. Use that knowledge to predict the product!

33. SO2 + H2O  H2SOx O: -2 O: -2 S: +4 S: +4 H: +1 In order for the oxidation numbers to add to zero, the formula must be H2SO3

34. P4O10 + CaO  Ca3(POx)2 O: -2 O: -2 P: +5 P: +5 H: +1 In order for the oxidation numbers to add to zero, the formula must be Ca3(PO4)2