1. Elizabeth Kramer Liberty University

2.  Tsarist Abolitionism  Nicholas I  Indoctrination  Autocracy  Orthodoxy  Nationalism  Principles of Tsarist Autocracy  Reverence for the Tsar  Patriotism  Socioeconomic status quo

3.  Alexander II  Nicholas’ son  Reform  Liberated Serfs  Zemstvo Schools  Compared to Parish Schools

4.  Intelligentsia  A “Think-Tank” for Change  Teachers, Students, Writers, and Artists  Attempted to bring about change  Alexander Herzen (1812-1870)  Intelligentsias and theorist  Exile living in London  Wrote the Kolokol  Russian Enlightenment  Nicholas Chernyshevsky (1828-1889)  What Is to Be Done?

5.  Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)  War and Peace  Social Reform Based on Simplification  Yasnaya Polyana  Society of National Education  Educational Tour of France, Germany, and England

6.  Alexander III (1827-1907)  Became Tsar in 1881  Ruled Russia like Nicholas I  Firm hand and Authoritarian  Tsarist Autocracy  Repress Criticism of Government  Police Power  Centralized Government  Propaganda  Konstantin Pobedonostev (1827-1907)  Chief Advisor  Tsarist Russia Falls

7.  The Soviet government and Communism  Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924)  Schools are a Weapon  Education is Not the Primary Concern  Working-Class Schools  Three Purposes  Separation of Church and School  Anatoli Lunacharski (1875-1933)  Unified Educational System  Workers School  Brigades  Western Philosophies

8.  Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)  Eliminated the Lunacharski System of Education  Authoritarian Education Again  Basic Skills needed for trades  Fixed number of hours required  Methodical Direct Instruction  Texts were re-written and censored by Russian government  Post WWII Era  Push Socialist Ideals throughout Eastern Europe  Propaganda  Soviet Cultural Life

9.  Twentieth Century  Fall of Communism  Mikhail Gorbachav  Schools had to be a catalyst for change  Removed low standards and bureaucrat involvement in schools  Glasnost  Communism Falls in 1991  Twenty-First Century  Reform  New Kind of Teacher  New System  Globalization

10. Gutek, G. (1995). Russian Education. In A History of the Western Educational Experience (2nd ed., pp. 420-451). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. Kholostova, T. (2007). Journal Of Education. Problems in Today's Russian Education System, 188(3), 63-73. Matrosov, V. L. (2011). Russian Education & Society. The New School Teacher for the New Russian School, 53(11), 73-83. Valkanova, Y. (2009). The Passion for Educating the “New Man”: Debates about Preschooling in Soviet Russia, 1917–1925. History Of Education Quarterly, 49 (2), 211-221. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00197.