2. Epilepsy P. Ockuly, Champlin Park H.S. & B. Tapper, Agape H.S.

3. Epilepsy 1.Defining Epilepsy 2.Categories of seizures 3.Neuron anatomy and physiology Review 4.Treatments 5.Living with Epilepsy (seizures) 6.Controversies 7.Research

4. Epilepsy the misconception Is a specific disease It is an Umbrella Term for having 2 or More Seizures in the Brain

5. The Epilepsy Label is given when 2 more seizures occur in the brain (cortex) A Seizure is massive disruption of electrical communication between neurons in the brain leading to temporary release of excessive energy in a synchronized form. -epilepsyfoundation.org

6. Epilepsy is NOT… A muscle twitch A seizure caused from a fever A leg cramp Secondary conditions from illness or disease.

7. Facts About Epilepsy Also known as seizure disorder About 3 million people in America affected About 50 million people world wide Lewis Carroll (Alice in Wonderland) was affected

8. Epilepsy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRZY2a2jnuw The video shows a person going through a Tonic-clonic (Grand Mal Seizure) seizure. It is the most dramatic type of seizure.

9. Categories of seizures Simple Partial - don't result in loss of consciousness Partial - don't result in loss of consciousness Complex Partial - staring and non-purposeful movements — such as hand rubbing, twitching, chewing, swallowing or walking in circles. Complex Partial - staring and non-purposeful movements — such as hand rubbing, twitching, chewing, swallowing or walking in circles. Generalized 4 types petit mal (Thymus and Cortex) -staring and subtle body movement, and can cause a brief loss of consciousness myoclonic - sudden jerks or twitches atonic - suddenly collapse or fall down tonic-clonic - loss of consciousness, body stiffening and shaking, and loss of bladder control

10. EEG used as a confirmation tool

11. What Causes Epilepsy? Head Trauma- that penetrates the brain about 50% chance developing Epilepsy. Illness- Heart Attack, Stroke, Meningitis, AIDS Genetics …. On going quest! Prenatal Injury-Infection, Poor Nutrition, Oxygen Deficiencies Developmental Disorders- Autism, Down Syndrome Unknown- accounts for 50%

12. Neuron anatomy and physiology Review

13. Neurological Cause (Different Kinds) Mutation in ion channels (K +, Na +, Ca ++ and Cl - ) Mutation in ion channels (K +, Na +, Ca ++ and Cl - ) Mutation in GABA, Glutamate receptor

14. Treatments Medications 60 – 75% managed. Blockers of repetitive activation of the sodium channel Blockers of repetitive activation of the sodium channel Enhancer of slow inactivation of the sodium channel GABA receptor enhancers Glutamate modulators Calcium channel blockers Current modulators Neuronal potassium channel (KCNQ [Kv7]) opener

15. Treatments Food – Ketogentic Diet (low carbs and protein high Fat) Vagel Nerve Stimulation Surgeries 25% - must be focal and located in a nonessential part of the brain i.e. Right side of Temporal Lobe.

16. Living with Epilepsy Normal Safety concerns Uncertainty Learning and memory storage and retrieval Dr. Rothman received 2 calls during our hour conversation…

17. Controversies Medical Marijuana DogsSurgeries

18. Research Across disciplines: Physiology, Chemical, Neurology, Physics Example: Caged GABA During a seizure: LED lights that break bonds on “caged GABA” releasing GABA A device to predict a seizure

19. GABA

20. Credits  Dr. Steven Rothman, Professor of Pediatrics University of Minnesota and Director of the Division of Clinical Neuroscience Pediatrics  Massachusetts General Website: http://www2.massgeneral.org/childhoodepilepsy/child/ind ex.htm#learning http://www2.massgeneral.org/childhoodepilepsy/child/ind ex.htm#learning http://www2.massgeneral.org/childhoodepilepsy/child/ind ex.htm#learning  www. epilepseyfoundation.org www. epilepseyfoundation.org www. epilepseyfoundation.org  http://new.epilepsyfoundation.org/africanamerican http://new.epilepsyfoundation.org/africanamerican  http://www.bing.com/health/article/mayo- 125916/Epilepsy?q=epilepsy+symptoms#symptoms http://www.bing.com/health/article/mayo- 125916/Epilepsy?q=epilepsy+symptoms#symptoms http://www.bing.com/health/article/mayo- 125916/Epilepsy?q=epilepsy+symptoms#symptoms  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846- treatment#aw2aab6b6b8 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846- treatment#aw2aab6b6b8 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846- treatment#aw2aab6b6b8