1. Muscular Disorders

2. ATROPHY – wasting away of muscle due to lack of use. HYPERTROPHY – an increase in the size of the muscle cell.

3. STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use. Bleeding inside the muscle can result in pain and swelling. Ice packs will help stop bleeding and reduce swelling.

4. MUSCLE SPASM (cramp) – sustained contraction of the muscle, usually because of overuse.

5. MYALGIA – muscle pain TENDINITIS – inflammation of a tendon Cause: overuse or disease S/S: pain, stiffness,weakness Diagnostic tests: hx, exam Treatment: RICE, PT, anti-inflammatory drugs, lasers, shock waves, ultrasound

6. (P)RICE R= REST I= ICE C= COMPRESSION E= ELEVATE

7. BUCCANATOR DELTOID PECTORALIS MAJOR BICEPS BRACHII EXTERNAL OBLIQUE RECTUS ABDOMINUS RECTUS FEMORIS VASTUS LATERALIS MASSETER STERNICLEIDOMASTOID BRACHIORADIALIS SARTORIUS TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

8. TRAPEZEUS TRICEPS BRACHII GLUTEUS MEDIUS GLUTEUS MAXIMUS GASTROCNEMIUS LATISSIMUS DORSI SOLEUS MAJOR

9. Tetanus “ Lock Jaw” Cause: clostridium tetani bacteria S/S: progressive muscle spasm, paralysis, stiffness and pain, especially in jaw Diagnostic tests: physical exam, lab tests, hx of wound Treatment: wound hygiene, tetanus antitoxin, sedation, ventilator support, pain management

10. (P)RICE P= PROTECTION R= REST I= ICE C= COMPRESSION E= ELEBATION

11. Muscular Dystrophy Cause: Genetic; carried on X chromosome; most common in boys; 1:3500 live male births S/S: muscle weakness in early stages; Later, significant muscle weakness including skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle Diagnostic Tests: physical exam, genetic testing, EMG, muscle biopsy Treatment: Palliative care

12. Myasthenia Gravis Cause: autoimmune attack at neuromuscular junction Most common in women under 40 and men over 50 S/S: progressive, flucuating muscle weakness, often starting with facial or eye muscles (MIND TO GROUND) Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests, EMG (electromyogram) Treatment: steroids, immunosuppressant drugs, plasma exchange, acetlycholinesterase inhibitors

13. Fibromyalgia Cause: unknown, but may be neurological S/S: chronic pain of at least 3 months, bilateral tenderness, fatigue, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, exercise intolerance Mostly women (2% of population affected) Diagnostic Tests: Location of pain confined to “tender points” Treatment: antidepressants, pain relievers, exercise, anti-epileptic meds

14. Hernia Tear in the muscle wall that allows a structure (usually an organ) to protrude through it Umbilical or inguinal Can be dangerous if blood flow is restricted

15. Hernia cont. Cause: outpouching of intestines into the inguinal or umbilical region of the body S/S: visual bulging, pain, discomfort, possible adhesions, incarceration of intestinal loop, strangulation Diagnostic Tests: hx, physical exam Treatment: binding, surgical repair