1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
“the power system”

2. FACTS: Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue.
There are 650 different muscles in the human body.
Muscles give us form and shape.
Muscles produce most of our body heat.

3. Responsible for all body movement.
THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS
Responsible for all body movement.
Responsible for body form and shape (posture)
Responsible for body heat and maintaining body temperature.

4. Types of muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Sphincter

5. Skeletal Muscle Attached to bone Striated (striped) appearance
VOLUNTARY
Contract quickly, fatigue easily, can’t maintain contraction for long period of time

6. Skeletal Muscles Each skeletal muscle cell contains many nuclei
Muscle cells are known as muscle fibers
Cell membrane is call sarcolemma
Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm

7. Smooth Muscle Visceral (organ) muscle
Found in walls of digestive system, uterus and blood vessels
Cells small and spindle-shaped
INVOLUNTARY
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Act slowly, do not tire easily, can remain contracted for long time

8. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated and branched
Involuntary
Cells are fused – when one contracts, they all contract

9. Sphincter
special circular muscles in openings of esophagus and stomach, stomach and small intestine, anus, urethra and mouth.

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES
CONTRACTIBILITY – the ability of a muscle to reduce the distance between the parts of its contents or the space it surrounds.
EXCITEABILITY (IRRITABILITY) – the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing impulses.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES
EXTENSIBILITY – the ability to be stretched.
ELASTICITY – ability of muscle to return to its original length when relaxing.

12. Naming Muscles Location: Size: Direction of fibers:
frontalis-forehead
Size:
gluteus maximus
Direction of fibers:
external abdominal oblique
Number of origins:
Biceps-two headed muscle in humerus
Location of origin and Insertion: sternocleidomastoid- origin in sternum

13. Naming muscles Action flexor: Extensor: Levator and Depressor:
flexor carpi ulnaris- flexes the wrist
Extensor:
extensor carpi ulnaris- extends the wrist
Levator and Depressor:
depressor anguli oris-depresses the corner of the mouth, raises or lowers body parts

14. MOVEMENT Muscles move bones by pulling on them.
 As a muscle contracts, it pulls the insertion bone closer to the origin bone. Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion. 
Rule: A muscle’s insertion bone moves toward its origin bone.
Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement.

15. Sarcolemma: muscle cell membrane
Muscle Contraction
Sarcolemma: muscle cell membrane
Synaptic Cleft: gap between the axon and the muscle cell.

16. Muscle Contraction
MOTOR UNIT – a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION – the junction between the motor neuron’s fiber which transmits the impulse – and the muscle cell membrane.
ACETYLCHOLINE – chemical neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft (carries impulse across synaptic cleft)

17. MUSCLE FATIGUE – caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles.
OXYGEN DEBT – after exercise, the amount of oxygen needed by the muscle to change lactic acid back to glucose.
MUSCLE TONE - When muscles are slightly contracted and ready to pull.

18. Muscle Efficiency Improves: -Coordination of all muscles involved
-Respiratory and circulatory system to supply needs of active muscular system
-Elimination of excess fat
-Joint movement involved with that muscle activity

19. Muscle Strength
Strength (capacity to do work) is increased with training
Muscle size increase due to change in the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm found in the individual skeletal muscle fibers) Not the increase in the number of muscle fiber cells

20. Tendons: non-elastic cords that attach muscles to bones
Muscle Attachments
Tendons: non-elastic cords that attach muscles to bones
Bones are connected at joints

21. DIAPHRAGM
Dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities, aids in breathing

22. Disorders and Related Terminology
ATROPHY – wasting away of muscle due to lack of use.
If we fail to exercise our muscles weaken and become flaccid ex. Quadriplegics, elderly on bedrest, extremity in a cast, etc.

23. Massage of these muscles is essential in providing the proper physiotherapy or a general sense of comfort and well-being to a patient, also prevents atrophy in debilitated patients

24. HYPERTROPHY – an increase in the size of the muscle cell.
when over exercise the size of the muscle fibers increase due to a change in the sarcoplasm (not due to an increase in number of muscle fiber cells)

25. STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use
STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use. Bleeding inside the muscle can result in pain and swelling. Ice packs will help stop bleeding and reduce swelling.
 RICE : rest, ice, compression, elevation

26. Rehabilitation: retaining of injured or unused muscles
MYALGIA – muscle pain

27. TENDONITIS – inflammation of a tendon

28. MUSCLE SPASM (cramp) – sustained contraction of the muscle, usually because of overuse.

29. Torticolis
Or wry neck, may be due to an inflammation of the trapezius and/or
Sternocleidomastoid muscle

30. La belleza perece en la vida pero es inmortal en el arte.
Leonardo Da Vinci