1. ENLIGHTENMENT
Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
Peter Hamilton, ‘The Enlightenment and the Birth of Social Science’
Chris Harman, A People’s History of the World
Summary of the lecture notes, dbe

2. Enlightenment (Age of Reason)
a new framework of ideas about man, society and nature for challenging the existing conceptions rooted in the traditional world-view, especially dominated by Christianity and absolutism:
anti-clerical (religion)
antithetical to despotism/absolutism (politics)
scientific (religion)

3. Links to R&R and Break from R&R
Space & Time
Links to R&R and Break from R&R
Continuity of respect and admire for the antiquity
(neoclassical arthitecture & republican politics);
Values of Enlightenment
REASON
FREEDOM
INDIVIDUAL
TOLERATION
SCEPTICISM
SECULARISM
RATIONALITY
EMPRICISM
SCIENCE
PROGRESS
UNIVERSALISM
EQUALITY
Antiquity
(Greco-Roman)
Religion
(Judeo-Christian)
Criticism of the superstitution, ignorance and intolerance of Christianity (and Judaism),
Science and Technology
Scientific Revolution (Natural Sciences)
Criticism of ABSOLUTISM
Politics

4. Criticism of Religion and the Enlightenment values
Space & Time
Criticism of Religion and the Enlightenment values
REASON: emphasis on one’s reason , not guided by any authority/reason as way of orginizing knowledge
FREEDOM: opposition to feudal/traditional constraints on beliefs, trade and communication
INDIVIDUAL: Ind. is the starting point for all knowledge and action and ind. reason cannot be subjected to any higher authority.
TOLERATION
SCEPTICISM: systematic doubt
SECULARISM: decreasing influence of religion in the lives of the individuals.

5. Enlightenment values: Reason, Individual and Freedom
Kant’s ( ) definition (in Was ist Aufklarung?/What is Enlightenment?, 1784)
“emancipation from self-incurred tutelage”
[Tutelage: man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another.
Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. ]
“sapare aude” ( “dare to know”).
Have courage to use your own REASON!
Primacy of REASON AND INDIVIDUAL

6. Science in the Enlightenment
Space & Time
2- Science in the Enlightenment
Where does knowledge come from?
What is it for?
Science in the Enlightenment
EMPRICISM
REASON/RATIONALITY
SCIENCE: scientific knowledge based on experimental method as developed in scientific revolution of 17th century was the key to expand the all human knowldge.
PROGRESS: natural and social conditions of human beings could be improved by the application of science and reason.
UNIVERSALISM: Reason and science could be applied to any & every situation and their principles were the same in every situation.