1. The Stalemated Seventies 1968-1980 Vietnam, Nixon, and Gerald Ford Chapter 40

2. Richard Nixon and the 70s Economic Boom of 1950s and 60s had been depleted by the Great Society and Vietnam War of Lyndon Johnson Economic Boom of 1950s and 60s had been depleted by the Great Society and Vietnam War of Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon wins the presidency in 1968 and 1972. Richard Nixon wins the presidency in 1968 and 1972.

3. Nixon’s Plan to End Vietnam Vietnamization – Richard Nixon’s plan to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam over an extended period. Vietnamization – Richard Nixon’s plan to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam over an extended period. Nixon Doctrine proclaimed United States would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large numbers of American troops. Nixon Doctrine proclaimed United States would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large numbers of American troops.

4. Nixon Widens The War April 29, 1970 - ordered American forces to join with the South Vietnamese in attacking neutral Cambodia April 29, 1970 - ordered American forces to join with the South Vietnamese in attacking neutral Cambodia Nixon withdrew US troops from Cambodia on June 29, 1970. Nixon withdrew US troops from Cambodia on June 29, 1970.

5. Youth Protest Vietnam War Youth Protest Vietnam War In 1971, the 26th Amendment was passed, lowering the voting age to 18. In 1971, the 26th Amendment was passed, lowering the voting age to 18. In the spring of 1971, mass rallies and marches erupted again all over the country as antiwar sentiment grew. In the spring of 1971, mass rallies and marches erupted again all over the country as antiwar sentiment grew.

6. Detente Nixon believed Chinese-Russian hostility provided US opportunity to push for peace in Vietnam Nixon believed Chinese-Russian hostility provided US opportunity to push for peace in Vietnam 1972 – Nixon Visits China 1972 – Nixon Visits China

7. Nixon Visits China Paved the way for better relations between Washington and Beijing. Paved the way for better relations between Washington and Beijing. 1969 – Henry Kissinger began to meet with North Vietnamese in Paris secretly. 1969 – Henry Kissinger began to meet with North Vietnamese in Paris secretly.

8. Nixon Visits Russia May 1972 – Richard Nixon Visits Moscow! May 1972 – Richard Nixon Visits Moscow! Détente – relaxed relationship with USSR and China Détente – relaxed relationship with USSR and China The Great Deal of 1972 – plan for US to sell $750 million of wheat, corn, and cereal The Great Deal of 1972 – plan for US to sell $750 million of wheat, corn, and cereal Nikita Kruschev and Nixon Nikita Kruschev and Nixon

9. S.A.L.T. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Strategic Arms Limitation Talks froze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years froze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years Détente – peaceful time between US and USSR Détente – peaceful time between US and USSR May 26, 1972 – Moscow, Russia May 26, 1972 – Moscow, Russia

10. The Supreme Court Earl Warren – 1953 – becomes Chief Justice Earl Warren – 1953 – becomes Chief Justice Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Escobedo (1964) and Miranda (1966) Escobedo (1964) and Miranda (1966) President Nixon set Warren E. Burger to replace the retiring Earl Warren in 1969. President Nixon set Warren E. Burger to replace the retiring Earl Warren in 1969.

11. Election of 1972 George McGovern (D) George McGovern (D) Richard Nixon (R) Richard Nixon (R) McGovern campaigned on leaving Vietnam in 90 days McGovern campaigned on leaving Vietnam in 90 days Nixon wins in landslide Nixon wins in landslide

12. Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table Nixon ordered a two-week bombing of North Vietnam in an attempt to force the North Vietnamese to the conference table Nixon ordered a two-week bombing of North Vietnam in an attempt to force the North Vietnamese to the conference table January 23, 1973 - cease-fire agreement really an American retreat… January 23, 1973 - cease-fire agreement really an American retreat…

13. Watergate Washington, D.C. Hotel Washington, D.C. Hotel June 17, 1972 - 5 men working for the Nixon Re-Election Committee were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel and bugging rooms. June 17, 1972 - 5 men working for the Nixon Re-Election Committee were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel and bugging rooms. Great Scandal !! Great Scandal !!

14. Spiro Agnew Conversations involving the Watergate scandal were discovered on tape Conversations involving the Watergate scandal were discovered on tape Nixon quickly refused to hand them over Nixon quickly refused to hand them over 1973 – V.P. Spiro Agnew was forced to resign over tax evasion 1973 – V.P. Spiro Agnew was forced to resign over tax evasion

15. Nixon Fires Staff October 20, 1973 “Saturday Night Massacre” - Archibald Cox, prosecutor of Watergate scandal case who had issued a subpoena of the tapes, was fired. October 20, 1973 “Saturday Night Massacre” - Archibald Cox, prosecutor of Watergate scandal case who had issued a subpoena of the tapes, was fired. Both the A.G. and Dept. A.G. resigned because they, themselves did not want to fire Cox. Both the A.G. and Dept. A.G. resigned because they, themselves did not want to fire Cox.

16. Nixon Resigns August 8, 1974 – Nixon finally releases all tapes August 8, 1974 – Nixon finally releases all tapes These last 3 tapes held the damning evidence These last 3 tapes held the damning evidence August 8, 1974 – Richard M. Nixon resigns August 8, 1974 – Richard M. Nixon resigns

17. Cambodia 1973 - Cambodia was taken over by the dictator Pol Pot - later committed genocide of over 2 million people over a span of a few years. 1973 - Cambodia was taken over by the dictator Pol Pot - later committed genocide of over 2 million people over a span of a few years. War Powers Act – required the president to report all commitments of U.S. troops within 48 hrs. War Powers Act – required the president to report all commitments of U.S. troops within 48 hrs.

18. Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis Arab nations imposed an oil embargo after Israel’s Six-Day War Arab nations imposed an oil embargo after Israel’s Six-Day War Speed Limit: 55mph Speed Limit: 55mph 1974 – Alaska Oil Pipeline approved 1974 – Alaska Oil Pipeline approved OPEC removed embargo in 1974 but quadrupled the price OPEC removed embargo in 1974 but quadrupled the price Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

19. Gerald Ford The Un-Elected President The Un-Elected President August 8, 1974 – becomes president after resignation August 8, 1974 – becomes president after resignation Popularity sank when he issued Nixon full pardon Popularity sank when he issued Nixon full pardon July 1975 – signed Helsinki Treaty relaxing relations with USSR even more July 1975 – signed Helsinki Treaty relaxing relations with USSR even more

20. Loss In Vietnam 1975 – North Vietnam invades South Vietnam 1975 – North Vietnam invades South Vietnam Ford requested aid but Congress refused Ford requested aid but Congress refused South Vietnam fell quickly South Vietnam fell quickly April 29, 1975 – US troops were evacuated April 29, 1975 – US troops were evacuated

21. Vietnam Estimated cost to America was $188 billion Estimated cost to America was $188 billion 56,000 dead and 300,000 wounded 56,000 dead and 300,000 wounded Lost face in the eyes of foreigners, lost self-esteem, lost confidence in military power, and lost much of the economic strength that had made possible global leadership after WWII. Lost face in the eyes of foreigners, lost self-esteem, lost confidence in military power, and lost much of the economic strength that had made possible global leadership after WWII.

22. Election of 1976 Jimmy Carter (D) Jimmy Carter (D) Gerald Ford (R) Gerald Ford (R) Carter defeats Ford promising never to lie to the public Carter defeats Ford promising never to lie to the public 1978 – Carter gets $18 B tax cut through Congress 1978 – Carter gets $18 B tax cut through Congress Economy cont. to crumble Economy cont. to crumble

23. Carter and Peace Sept. 17, 1978 - President Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and P.M. Menachem Begin (Israel) - signed peace accords at Camp David Sept. 17, 1978 - President Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and P.M. Menachem Begin (Israel) - signed peace accords at Camp David Israel gave up territory gains from 1967 Israel gave up territory gains from 1967

24. Carter and the Late 70s Inflation ’79 – 13% Inflation ’79 – 13% Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini takes over Iran – fundamentalist Muslim Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini takes over Iran – fundamentalist Muslim SALT II – Senate refused to ratify SALT II – Senate refused to ratify Nov. 4, 1979 – Muslims take embassy workers in Iran hostage Nov. 4, 1979 – Muslims take embassy workers in Iran hostage

25. Boycott ‘80 December 27, 1979 - Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan December 27, 1979 - Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan Soviet Union’s own Vietnam Soviet Union’s own Vietnam Carter - embargo on the USSR and boycotted the Olympics in Moscow Carter - embargo on the USSR and boycotted the Olympics in Moscow