2. 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School San Marcos, CA

3. Differing Viewpoints  “Family Feud”  “Fall of the Eagles”  “The War to End All Wars”  “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

4. A War of Words World War I and the events surrounding it brought a number of new terms into people’s everyday vocabularies.

5. A War of Words 1.Armistice5. propaganda 2.Blockade6. reconnaissance 3.Convoy7. ultimatum 4.Mandate8. no-man’s land

6. I. Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East

7. A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans The Balkans in 1878 1. By the late 19th cent. The once-powerful Ottoman Empire was in decline & losing the outlying provinces closest to Europe.

8. A. The Ottoman Empire & the Balkans The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913 2. The European powers meddled in the affairs of the Ottoman Emp., sometime in cooperation, at other times as rivals.

9. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

10. The Balkans in 1914 3. In reaction, the Young Turks conspired to force a constitution on the Sultan, advocated centralized rule & Turkification of minorities, & carried out modernizing reforms. 4. The Turks turned to Germany for assistance & hired a German general to modernize Turkey’s armed forces.

11. B. Causes of the War

12. MAINMAINMAINMAIN MAINMAINMAINMAIN

13. 1. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

14. 2. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

15. 2. The Alliance System 1.The major European countries were organized into two alliances: The Triple Alliance (Germany, A- H, & Italy) and the Triple Entente (Br., France, & Russia). 2.The military alliance system was accompanied by inflexible mobilization plans that depended on rXrs to move troops according to precise schedules.

16. 2. The Alliance System 3. When A-H declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, diplomats, statesmen, and monarchs quickly lost control of events. 4. The alliance system in combination with the rigidly scheduled mobilization plans meant that war was automatic.

17. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

18. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

19. Europe in 1914

20. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

21. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

22. Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

23. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

24. 1.Nationalism was deeply rooted in European culture, where it served to unite individual nations while undermining large multiethnic empires. 2.Because of the spread of nationalism, most people viewed was as a crusade for liberty or as revenges for past injustices; the well-to-do believed that war could heal the class divisions in their societies.

25. C. The “ Spark ”

26. 1. The Outbreak of War oThe weakening of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of independent & fiercely nationalists states in the Balkans, & Austrian attempts to expand in the area raised tension between Austria & Russian-backed Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand [heir to the Austrian throne] & His Family

27. The Assassination: Sarajevo 1.On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated Ferdinand. 2. Austria decided that Serbia should be harshly punished & issued an ultimatum 3. Germany offered Austria unconditional support & Russia backed the Serbs. 4. Fearful of falling behind in mobilization, all major powers rushed towards war.

28. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

29. Who’s To Blame?

30. The Schlieffen Plan

31. Question: Why was speed so important to the Schlieffen Plan? Possible Answer : Because the plan called for Germany to defeat France and then return its troops to the east before Russia fully mobilized. SHLEE-fuhn

32. German Atrocities in Belgium

33. Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

34. Recruitment Posters 1917: "I Want You for U.S. Army" lithograph. This image first appeared on the cover of a magazine called Leslie's Weekly with the title, "What Are You Doing for Preparedness?"

35. A Young Australian Recruit

36. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

37. New French Recruits

38. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

40. Women and the War Effort

41. Financing the War

42. For Recruitment

43. Munitions Workers

44. French Women Factory Workers

45. German Women Factory Workers

46. Working in the Fields

47. A Woman Ambulance Driver

48. Red Cross Nurses

49. Women in the Army Auxiliary

50. Russian Women Soldiers

51. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

52. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

53. Australian Poster

54. American Poster

55. Financing the War

56. German Poster

57. The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ”

58. A Multi-Front War

59. The Western Front

60. Trench Warfare

62. “No Man’s Land”

63. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

64. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

65. Human-Environment Interaction: Instructions : Read the handout given by Mr. Cargile and don’t forget to analyze the document. Then answer the questions on the back. Yes, in complete sentences and yes, you need to answer all eight. If you need to use another sheet of paper for question eight feel free. Addendum : 1.You may write on this sheet of paper. 2.You may work in your groups to answer. 3.Be prepared to discuss in front of the class

66. Turn to p- 368 369

67. Question : Why was the Battle of Marne so significant? Answer : It meant the ruin of the Schlieffen Plan and forced Germany to fight a war on two fronts.

68. War Is HELL !!

69. Sacrifices in War

70. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

71. The Eastern Front

72. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

73. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

74. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

75. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

76. The Tsar with General Brusilov

77. The “ Colonial ” Fronts

78. Sikh British Soldiers in India

79. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

80. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

81. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

82. Discussion Question How did Europe’s colonial subjects help in the war effort? Answer Answer : Some fought as soldiers, while others worked as laborers keeping the frontlines supplied.

83. America Joins the Allies

84. 1.The U.S. grew rich during the war by selling goods to Britain and France. 2.When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, businesses engaged in war production made tremendous profits. The U.S. joins the allies.

85. The Sinking of the Lusitania

86. The Zimmerman Telegram

87. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

88. Americans in the Trenches

89. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

90. French Renault Tank

91. British Tank at Ypres

92. U-Boats

93. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

94. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

95. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

96. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

97. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

98. The Zeppelin

99. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

100. Poison Gas Machine Gun

101. “ Art ” of World War I

102. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

103. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

104. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

105. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

106. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

107. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

108. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

109. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918

110. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

111. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

112. World War I Casualties

113. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

114. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Turkish Genocide of Armenians (1914 - 1922) Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800