1.  Indust. Rev. = Mass production of goods by machine power Begins in late 18 th cent. & carries into 20-21 st cents  Pop. Shift from rural to urban  Capitalism = dominant economic system

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

4. The Enclosure Movement

5. “ Enclosed ” Lands Today

6. Early Canals Britain ’ s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure - connected waterways - transported resources coal and finished products

7. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

8. “ Fossil Fuels ” Revolution - Coal & oil greatly increased energy available to humans - Dev. of machines, steam engines, internal combustion engines

9. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

10. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners 185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914

11. Young Coal Miners

12. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

13. Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

14. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers

15. The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

16. Textile Factory Workers in England

17. Young “ Bobbin-Doffers ”

18. Spreading of New/Improved Methods of Production to Other Regions - U.S., Russia, Japan industrialize

20. James Hargreave ’ s “ Spinny Jenny ”

21. The Power Loom

22. - Telegraph - Invented by Samuel Morse - greatly improved communications between/within: - businesses, cities, countries

23. Interchangeable parts – speeds production; less skill required – developed by Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin - Rifle production also

24. James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

25. Steam Tractor

26. Steam Ship

27. An Early Steam Locomotive

28. Later Locomotives

29. The Impact of the Railroad

30. “ The Great Land Serpent ” - Impact = access of goods to more people - lower prices = increased demand for production

32. Social Impacts of Industrial Revolution  Most benefits = Middle class (bourgeoisie) – bankers, merchants, factory owners  Most growth = Working class Proletariat – poor treatment & pay  Urbanization = pollution, overcrowding, disease  Early exploitation of woman & child labor.

33. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

34. “ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

35. “ 2 nd Industrial Revolution ”  Improvements in:  Steel  Chemicals  Electricity  Precision machinery Bessemer Process

37. Women in Industrial Revolution  Early 1800 ’ s = Equal # of women in factories.  Late 1800 ’ s = Increased wages (more desirable to men) and labor laws restricting women ’ s work = more women staying home.  Domestic sphere for women develops.

38. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

45. Industrial Staffordshire

46. Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

47. The New Industrial City

48. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

49. Worker Housing in Manchester

50. Factory Workers at Home

51. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

52. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

53. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

54. Private Charities: The “ Lady Bountifuls ”

56. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

57. The Luddite Triangle

58. The Luddites

59. The Neo-Luddites Today

60. British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819

62. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

64. Government Response k Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. k Sadler Commission to look into working conditions  Factory Act [1833] – child labor. k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.  Poor houses. k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

65. British Reform Bill of 1832

66. British Reform Bills

68. By 1850 : Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent ùNortheast France. ùBelgium. ùThe Netherlands. ùWestern German states. ùNorthern Italy ùEast Germany  Saxony

69. Industrialization By 1850

70. Railroads on the Continent

71. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

72. The Politics of Industrialization ù State ownership of some industries. ) RRs  Belgium & most of Germany. ù Tariffs  British Corn Laws. ù National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes. ) Bank of England. ) Bank of France. ù Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets. ù New legislation to: ) Establish limited liability. ) Create rules for the formation of corporations. ù Postal system. ù Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein