1. 10-1 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Parallel Architecture 10.9 Parallel Architecture 10.10 Case Study: Parallel Processing in the Sega Genesis Semantic gap Most complex instructions and addressing modes went largely unused by compilers Better to spend optimizing instructions that account for the greatest percentage of execution time rather than focusing on inherently complex but rare occur. The bulk of programs are very simple at the instruction level little or no payoff in increasing the complexity of the instructions

2. 10-2 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Instruction Frequency Frequency of occurrence of instruction types for a variety of languages. The percentages do not sum to 100 due to roundoff. (Adapted from Knuth, D. E., An Empirical Study of FORTRAN Programs, Software—Practice and Experience, 1, 105-133, 1971.)

3. 10-3 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Complexity of Assignments Percentages showing complexity of assignments and procedure calls. (Adapted from Tanenbaum, A., Structured Computer Organization, 4/e, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1999.)

4. 10-4 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Trends in Computer Architecture To make the frequent case fast means make it simple Concentrate on making assignment statement fast ld/st Simple instruction set From CISC to RISC CISC do not fit pipeline architecture RISC characteristics (pg. 390) large # of regs.; simple instructions & addressing modes; pipeline; ld/st

5. 10-5 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Four-Stage Instruction Pipeline

6. 10-6 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Pipeline Behavior Pipeline behavior during a memory reference and during a branch.

7. 10-7 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Filling the Load Delay Slot SPARC code, (a) with a nop inserted, and (b) with srl migrated to nop position.

8. 10-8 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Parallel Processing multiple processors are coordinated to work on a single problem

9. 10-9 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring PowerPC 601 Superscalar architecture IUs FPUs BPUs branch instruction, especially conditional branch instructions pose a bottleneck condition must be first ascertained to be true branch address must then be computed often involves address arithmetic RISC machine (pg.405)

10. 10-10 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring The PowerPC 601 Architecture

11. 10-11 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring PowerPC 601 32 32-bit general registers (GPRs) RISC 32 64-bit FPRs 8 4-bit CC registers Nearly 50 special-purpose 32-bit registers control memory management and OS Over 250 Instruction 32KB cache MMU and memory unit assist in fetching both instructions and data

12. 10-12 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring IU 32 32-bit GPRs 1 XER holds exceptions arise within the IU

13. 10-13 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring BPU 8 4-bit CC registers 8 instructions to have separate CC bits, not interfere with each other’s ability to set CC Looks in the IQ if a conditional branch instruction is found, it proceeds to compute the branch target address a head of time and fetches instructions at the branch target results in a 0-cycle branch Link register can store subroutine return address

14. 10-14 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring FPU 32 64-bit FPRs 1FPSCR can store exceptions FPU is pipelined

15. 10-15 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Parallel Processing in Sega Genesis External view of the Sega Genesis home video game system.

16. 10-16 Chapter 10 - Trends in Computer Architecture Principles of Computer Architecture by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 1999 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring Sega Genesis Architecture External view of the Sega Genesis home video game system.