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1 Lecture 2 Read textbook CHAPTER 1.4, Apps B&D Today: Derive EOMs & Linearization Fundamental equation of motion for mass-spring- damper system (1DOF). Linear and nonlinear system. Examples of derivation of EOMs Appendix A Equivalence of principles of conservation of mechanical energy and conservation of linear momentum. Appendix B : Linearization Work problems: Chapter 1: 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 20, 43, 44, 56
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2 Luis San Andres Texas A&M University Kinetics of 1-DOF mechanical systems M K C 2014 Luis San Andres© The fundamental elements in a mechanical system and the process to set a coordinate system and derive an equation of motion. LINEARIZATION included. Lecture 2 ME617
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A system with an elastic element (linear spring)
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4 Linear elastic element (spring-like) F Free length l F ss static deflection F Applied force on spring deflection K=dF/d F ss Notes: a)Spring element is regarded as massless b)Applied force is STATIC c)Spring reacts with a force proportional to deflection, Fs = -K s and stores potential energy d)K = stiffness coefficient [N/m or lbf/in] is constant F s =-K s Balance of static forces F FsFs
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Statics of system with elastic & mass elements
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6 Linear spring + added weight W Free length l W ss static deflection F K=dF/d W ss Notes: a)Block has weight W= Mg b)Block is regarded as a point mass W=F s = K s Balance of static forces W FsFs Reaction force from spring
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Dynamics of system with elastic & mass elements Derive the equation of motion (EOM) for the system
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8 Linear spring + weight (mass x g ) + force F (t) W Free length l W+F (t) s +X (t) SEP F Reaction force from spring dynamic deflection K=dF/d W+F X+ s Notes: a)Coordinate X describing motion has origin at Static Equilibrium Position (SEP) b)For free body diagram, assume state of motion, for example X (t) >0 c)Then, state Newton’s equation of motion d)Assume no lateral (side motions) Free Body diagram W+F F spring F (t) M M Ax = W+F - F spring acceleration ss
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9 Derive the equation of motion F spring = K(X+ s ) Note: Motions from SEP Free length l W+F FBD: X>0 W+F F spring M M Ax = W+F - F spring M Ax = W+F – K(X+ s ) M Ax = ( W-K s ) +F – KX M Ax = +F – KX M Ax + K X= F (t) Cancel terms from force balance at SEP to get X (t) SEP ss s +X (t)
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10 Another choice of coordinate system F spring = Ky Coordinate y has origin at free length of spring element. Free length l W+F y (t) FBD: y>0 W+F F spring M M Ay = W+F - F spring M Ay = W+F – K y M Ay + K y= W + F (t) Weight (static force) remains in equation
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11 EOM in two coordinate systems F spring = Ky = K(X+ s ) Coordinate y has origin at free length of spring element. X has origin at SEP. Free length l W+F y (t) M Ay + K y = W + F (t) X (t) SEP y = X+ s ss M Ax + K X= F (t) (1) (2) (?) Are Eqs. (1) and (2) the same? (?) Do Eqs. (1) and (2) represent the same system? (?) Does the weight disappear? (?) Can I just cancel the weight?
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K-M system with dissipative element (a viscous dashpot) Derive the equation of motion (EOM) for the system
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13 Recall: a linear elastic element FsFs Free length l FsFs ss static deflection F Applied force on spring deflection K=dF/d FsFs ss Notes: a)Spring element is regarded as massless b)K = stiffness coefficient is constant c)Spring reacts with a force proportional to deflection and stores potential energy
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14 (Linear) viscous damper element F F V velocity F V Applied force on damper velocity D=dF/dV F Notes: a)Dashpot element (damper) is regarded as massless b)D = damping coefficient [N/(m/s) or lbf/(in/s) ] is constant c)A damper needs velocity to work; otherwise it can not dissipate mechanical energy d)Under static conditions (no motion), a damper does NOT react with a force
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15 Spring + Damper + Added weight W Free length l W ss static deflection F K=dF/d W ss Notes: a)Block has weight W= Mg and is regarded as a point mass. b)Weight applied very slowly – static condition. c)Damper does NOT react to a static action, i.e. F D =0 W=F s = K s Balance of static forces W FsFs Reaction force from spring SEP SEP: static equilibrium position
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16 Spring + Damper + Weight + force F (t) W L- s W+F ss SEP F Reaction force from spring dynamic deflection K=dF/d F spring X+ s Notes: a)Coordinate X describes motion from Static Equilibrium Position (SEP) b)For free body diagram, assume a state of motion X (t) >0 c) State Newton’s equation of motion d)Assumed no lateral (side motions) Free Body diagram W+F F spring F (t) M M Ax = W+F - F damper - F spring acceleration F damper X (t)
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17 Equation of motion: spring-damper-mass F spring = K(X+ s ) Notes: Motions from SEP W+F X (t) SEP FBD: X>0 W+F F spring M M Ax = W+F – K(X+ s ) – D V X M Ax = ( W-K s ) +F – KX - DV X M Ax = +F – KX – D V X M Ax + DV X + K X = F (t) M Ax = W+F (t) - F damper - F spring L- s F damper F damper = D V X K D EOM: Cancel terms from force balance at SEP to get
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Simple nonlinear mechanical system Derive the equation of motion (EOM) for the system and linearize EOM about SEP
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19 Recall a linear spring element FsFs Free length l FsFs ss static deflection F Applied force on spring deflection K=dF/d FsFs ss Notes: a)Spring element is regarded as massless b)K = stiffness coefficient is constant c)Spring reacts with a force proportional to deflection and stores potential energy
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A nonlinear spring element F Free length l F ss static deflection F Applied force on spring static deflection F ss Notes: a)Spring element is massless b)Force vs. deflection curve is NON linear c)K 1 and K 3 are material parameters [N/m, N/m 3 ]
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Linear spring + added weight W Free length l W ss static deflection F W ss Notes: a)Block has weight W= Mg b)Block is regarded as a point mass c)Static deflection s found from solving nonlinear equation: Balance of static forces W F spring Reaction force from spring
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Nonlinear spring + weight + force F (t) W Free length l W+F s +X (t) SEP F Reaction force from spring deflection W+F s X+ s Notes: a)Coordinate X describing motion has origin at Static Equilibrium Position (SEP) b)For free body diagram, assume state of motion, for example X (t) >0 c)Then, state Newton’s equation of motion d)Assume no lateral (side motions) Free Body diagram W+F F spring F (t) M M Ax = W+F - F spring acceleration
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Nonlinear Equation of motion Notes: Motions are from SEP Free length l W+F s +X (t) SEP FBD: X>0 W+F F spring M Expand RHS: Cancel terms from force balance at SEP to get Nonlinear Equation of motion
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Linearize equation of motion Free length l W+F s +X (t) SEP FBD: X>0 W+F F spring M EOM is nonlinear: Assume motions X (t) << s which means |F (t) | << W and set X 2 ~0, X 3 ~0 to obtain the linear EOM: where the linearized stiffness is a function of the static condition
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Linear equation of motion Free length l W+F s +X (t) SEP FBD: X>0 W+F F spring M F deflection W ss X KeKe ss Stiffness (linear)
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Read & rework Examples of derivation of EOMS for physical systems available on class URL site(s) 2014 Luis San Andres©
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