1. Mrs. Stewart Medical Interventions Central Magnet School

2. GRAM --  Thin layer of peptidoglycan  Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins)  Stain red GRAM +  Thick layer of peptidoglycan  Stain blue

3. GRAM -

4.  A substance produced by or derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism  Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria.

7.  The early antibiotics were the natural products of other microorganisms – fungi or other bacteria.  All are now manufactured either by chemical synthesis or bioengineering.  Newer antibiotics have also been created completely synthetically, usually by altering the chemical structure of an existing, naturally produced antibiotic.

8.  Would have to cut legs off after war wounds became infected  Began treating infections from wounds w/ antibiotics

9.  "If any good can be said to come of war, then the Second War War must go on record as assisting and accelerating one of the greatest blessings that the 20th Century has conferred on Man - the huge advances in medical knowledge and surgical techniques. War, by producing so many and such appalling casualties, and by creating such widespread conditions in which disease can flourish, confronted the medical profession with an enormous challenge - and the doctors of the world rose to the challenge of the last war magnificently." -Brian J Ford.

10.  Bactericidal – Kills the bacteria  Bacteriostatic – inhibits growth & reproduction * The body’s natural defenses can usually take it from there

11.  Disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan thereby inhibiting cell wall synthesis

12.  Inhibit DNA replication – prevents cell division  Inhibits transcription – prevents protein synthesis

13.  Bind the ribosomal subunit, blocking the attachment of tRNA, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis

14.  Folate synthesis inhibitors – folate is necessary for DNA synthesis  Prevents cell division

15.  Antibiotics target bacteria and a few parasites.  However, they are not effective against viruses. ▪ Most upper respiratory tract infections (common cold, sore throats, etc) are caused by viruses

17.  Why??  If antibiotics are overused or used incorrectly, there is a chance that the bacteria will become resistant ▪ That means the antibiotic becomes less effective against that type of bacterium

18.  Ear Infections  MRSA  TB – Tuberculosis  Strep throat