1. The Human Population: Growth, Demography, and Carrying Capacity
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
12th Edition
Chapter 11
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts Factors affecting human population size
Human population problems
Managing population growth

3. Factors Affecting Human Population Size
Population change equation
Population
Change =
(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Crude birth rate (BR)
Crude death rate (DR)
Refer to Fig p. 239

4. Natural Rate of Increase
<1%
1-1.9%
2-2.9%
3+%
Data not
available
Annual world
population growth
Fig. 11.3, p. 240

5. Fertility Rates Replacement-level fertility Total fertility rate (TFR)
Births per woman
< 2
2-2.9
3-3.9
4-4.9 5+ No
Data
Fig. 11.8, p. 242

6. Factors Affecting BR and TFR
See bulleted list in text p. 243
US BR’s and TFR’s 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Births per thousand population
Demographic
transition
Depression
Baby boom
Baby bust
Echo baby boom
World War II
Year
Fig , p. 243
see Fig p. 243

7. Factors Affecting DR Life expectancy Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Infant deaths
per 1,000 live births
<10
<10-35
<36-70
<71-100
<100+
Data not
available
Fig , p. 246

8. Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase
Developed Countries 50 40 30 20 10
1775
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
Rate per 1,000 people
Year
Rate of
natural increase
Crude
birth rate
death rate
Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate = crude death rate
natural
increase
Fig , p. 245

9. Population Age Structure
Rapid Growth
Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Slow Growth
United States
Australia
Canada
Male
Female
Zero Growth
Spain
Austria
Greece
Negative Growth
Germany
Bulgaria
Sweden
Fig a, p. 247

10. Solutions: Influencing Population Size
Migration
Environmental refugees
Reducing births
Family planning
Empowerment of women
Economic rewards and penalties

11. The Demographic Transition
Low
High
Relative population size
(number per 1,000 per year)
Birth rate and death rate 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transindustrial
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
growth rate
Increasing Growth
Very high
Decreasing
Zero
Negative
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
Time
Fig , p. 255

12. Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India
Generally disappointing results:
Poor planning
Bureaucratic inefficiency
Low status of women
Extreme poverty
Lack of support

13. Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China
Generally positive results:
Economic incentives
Free medical care
Preferential treatment
Intrusive and coercive
Locally administered

14. Cutting Global Population Growth
Family planning
Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women