1. Chapter 5 Classical Greece
Unit 2: Warring City-States
World History Core

2. Main Idea Power and Authority
The growth of city-states in Greece led to the development of several political systems, including democracy

3. Why it matters now?
Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece

4. Terms and Names Polis Acropolis Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyrant
Democracy
Helot
Phalanx
Persian Wars

5. Setting the Stage Dorian period Greece experienced a decline
2 things changed:
1. Developed a new personal culture (not ancestral)
2. Government changed from tribal to more formal city-state structure

6. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
750 BC, city-states (POLIS) was the political unit in Greece
Made up of a city and its surrounding country
square miles
Fewer than 10,000 residents
People gathered in two spots to discuss government
1. AGORA: Marketplace
2. ACROPOLIS: Fortified hilltop

7. Athenian agora to the left
Greek acropolis to the right

8. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Greek Political Structure
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Direct Democracy
State ruled by a king
Rule is hereditary
Some rulers claim divine right
Practiced in Mycenae by 2000BC
State ruled by nobility
Rule is hereditary and based on family ties, social rank, and wealth
Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority
Practiced by Athens prior to 594BC
State ruled by a small group of citizens
Rule is based on wealth or ability
Ruling group controls military
Practiced by Sparta by 500BC
State ruled by its citizens
Rule is based on citizenship
Majority rule decides vote
Practiced by Athens by about 500BC

9. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Tyrants Seize Power
Many clashes about power in city-states between common people and nobility
Tyrants: individuals who seized control of government by appealing to the common people for support
Work for interest of ordinary people (unlike today)

11. Athens Builds Limited Democracy
Representative government took hold in Athens
Rich and poor clashed BUT solved issues quickly
Moved toward DEMOCRACY (rule by the people)
Citizens participated directly

12. Athens Builds Limited Democracy
Building a Democracy
Steps towards democracy
1. Draco: 621BC
Developed a legal code based on Athenian idea, rich and poor equal under the law
Extremely harsh with criminals and types of punishment
Had debt slavery

13. Athens Builds Limited Democracy
Steps toward democracy con’t.
2. Solon: 594BC
Outlawed debt slavery
Organized Athens into four social groups
Only citizens in the top three levels can hold public office
All citizens participated in government
Athenian Assembly
Bring charges against a wrongdoer

14. Athens Builds Limited Democracy
Steps towards democracy con’t 2
3. Cleisthenes: 500BC
Broke up power of nobility by organizing citizens in ten groups based on where they lived rather than wealth
Increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to present laws for debate and passage
Council of 500
Proposed laws and counseled assembly
Members chosen by lot
Citizenship: free, adult males, who owned property
Women, slaves, foreigners were excluded and had few rights

15. Athens Builds Limited Democracy
Athenian Education
Sons of wealthy received formal education
Age 7
Prepared to be good citizens
Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music
Expected to debate in assembly also taught logic and public speaking (rhetoric)
Important to develop and train body – so they also spent each day in athletic activities
Military school when older (duty of citizens)
Girls educated at home by moms
Child rearing, cloth weaving, cooking, clean house, and to be good wives/mothers
Few learned to read and write

16. Ancient Athens

17. SPARTA

18. Sparta Builds A Military State
Located on the Peloponnesus
Cut off by rest of Greece by Gulf of Corinth
Completely different from much of Greece, especially Athens
Built a military state
Sparta Dominates Messenians
725BC Sparta conquered Messina and neighboring lands
Messenians became HELOTS (peasants forced to stay on land they worked)
Had to give ½ of crops to Spartans
Messenians revolted in 650BC-Sparta barely won=VOWED TO BE STRONGER

19. Sparta Builds A Military State
Sparta’s Government and Society
Branches of government:
1. Assembly: all Spartan citizens and elected officials.
Voted on major issues proposed by Council of Elders
2. Council of Elders: 30 older citizens
Proposed laws to Assembly
3. 5 Elected Officials
carried out laws passed by Assembly
4. Two Kings
In charge of military

20. Sparta Builds A Military State
Sparta’s Government and Society con’t.
Social Groups
1. Citizens: descendants of original inhabitants
Included ruling families who owned land
2. Noncitizens: were free, worked in commerce and industry
3. Helots: little better than slaves, field workers or home servants

21. Sparta Builds A Military State
Spartan Daily Life
BC Sparta had strongest Army
No personal expression
RESULT: didn’t value art, literature, or intellect
VALUED: duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning
Men in Army till 60 years old (life centered on training)

22. Sparta Builds A Military State
Spartan Daily Life Con’t.
Age 7: moved into Army barracks
Stayed until 30
Daily Life: marching, exercising, and fighting
Only light tunics and no shoes
Slept without blankets and on hard surfaces
Little food (encourage to steal for more)
Age 30: join military
Age 60: Council of Elders

23. Sparta Builds A Military State
Spartan Daily Life Con’t 2.
Girls:
Received military training, put love for Sparta above all (even family)
“Come back with your shield or on it.”
Women:
Much freedom (run estate while husbands gone)

24. Persian Wars
Greatest danger Athens and Sparta faced was the invasion of Greece by the Persians
A New Kind of Army Emerges
Shift from bronze to iron weapons made military service more affordable
PHALANX: military formation
Became the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world
Side by side, locking shields, and holding spears = moved as one.

25. Persian Wars Battle of Marathon
Persian Wars began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia
Persians attacked Ionia
Athens sent ships of aid the Ionians (Greeks)
Persian King Darius defeated Ionians and vowed to destroy Athens (for interfering)
490BC Persian fleets cross the Aegean Sea with 25,000 men and landed on the northeast plain of Athens called Marathon
Waiting were 10,000 Athenians in the phalanx
Persians defeated: they wore light armor and were not use to the land
Several hours later the Persians fled

26. Persian Wars Pheidippides Brings News
Fearing the Persians would retreat to Athens the leaders of the Army sent a young messenger to send word to Athens of victory
Pheidippides ran 26 miles
When he reached Athens he yelled “Nike” (Goddess of Victory)
Collapsed and died
The Athenians got to Athens in time to see the Persians getting closer and defended the city

27. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis
10 years later Xerxes (Darius’ son) assembles Army to crush Athens
Greeks were divided
1. Fought with Athens
2. Fought with Persians
3. Didn’t fight – thought if Persians defeated Athens they would leave Greece
Xerxes’ army met little resistance

29. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t Thermopylae
Narrow mountain pass
7000 Greeks (300 Spartans)
Stopped Persian advance for three days
Traitor gave Xerxes the location of the secret path
Spartans held Persians while other retreated

31. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t 2 Salamis
Thermistocles (Athenian leader) got Greeks to turn the war into a sea battle
Positioned boats in narrow passage called Salamis
Persian ships were to large to turn in channel and the Greeks used that to their advantage and defeated the Persians
479 BC crushed Persians in Battle of Plataea

32. Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis con’t 3
Greeks formed the Delian League: city-state alliance
Took name from island of Delos where the headquarters were located
City-states gave money and ships to belong to the League

33. Consequences of Persian Wars
New sense of confidence and freedom
Athens emerges as leaders of Delian League
200 member states
Will become little more than provinces to Athens
Will use power over other league members
Moved headquarters from Delos to Athens
Burst of wealth in Athens will lead to its Golden Age

34. Olympics