1. 5th Century Greece
War and Society
History 2313

2. War and Society I. Paths to Power: up to Persian Wars (490-480 BC)
Sparta
terms: oligarchy, Council of Elders, Apella, helots, Spartan Creed
Athens
terms: tyranny, democracy, archon, deme, ostracism
II. Peloponnesian War (first “world war”?)
Delian League/Athenian empire
First War between Athens and Sparta ( )
Pericles, General of Athens ( )
“Thirty Years Peace” for Athens and Sparta
The Great Peloponnesian War ( )

4. Paths to Power Corinth, Sparta & Athens
Variations on the Polis
History 2313

5. Corinth

6. Corinth: Acropolis

7. Corinth and Tyranny Role of Tyrants Tyranny of Cypselus in 657 BC
Maintenance of Tyranny
Cypselus (d. 625 BC)
Difficulty of Periander (d. 585 BC)
End of Corinthian Tyranny

8. Sparta

9. Sparta’s Oligarchy Reforms of Lycurgus (6th century BC)
2 hereditary kings
Council of Elders (Garousia)
(28 men over 60 years of age)
Five Ephors (annually elected magistrates)
Assembly of Equals (free adult male citizens-Homoioi): mess mates (sysstion)

10. Spartan Society Militarism-a reaction to external threats
Messenian War leads to reforms of Lycurgus
Community comes before individual
homoioi (equals) & perioikoi (“those living around” or outsiders)
Slave Society (helots)
Fear of revolts always a problem
Society based on service to the state

11. Spartan Ideals For men The Spartan Creed Warrior cult Ares as patron
Military education
of boys
Military service
of men

12. Spartan Ideals For women Artemis as Patron Goddess Female Education
Athleticism
Motherhood

13. Edgar Degas, The Young Spartans (ca. 1860)

14. Athens: The Great Experiment

15. 5th Century Athens

16. Athens and Democracy Solon (639-c.550 BC) “Lifting of Burdens”
4 Grades of Citizens
Archonship for first 2 Grades
Council of 400
Assembly of Appeals
Cleisthenes (570-c.507 BC)
deme: village (democracy – residence)
3 Tribes to 10 Tribes electing 50 reps each
Council of 500

17. The Golden Age of Athens 5th Century BC
Athens and Sparta after the Persian Wars
The Delian League and Athenian Prosperity
Delos: 478 BC
Athenian Leadership
Themistocles
Anti-Sparta sentiment & building of fortifications
Ostracism-471 BC

18. Ostraka: shard of pottery
A ballot to ostracize Themistocles (471 B.C.)

19. Rise and Fall of Cimon Cimon (510-451 BC)
son of Miltiades (hero at Marathon)
Pro-Sparta sentiment
Aid to Sparta in 464 BC
Earthquake and Helot rebellion
Fall of Cimon 461 BC
His ostracism

20. Pericles General (strategon) (457-430 BC)
Expansion and contraction of Athenian democracy
Funeral oration summarizes Athenian values

21. Advance of Democracy Retreat of Democracy
1) Abolition of property qualifications for officeholding
2) Payment for those sitting on juries, council, public offices
Retreat of Democracy
Restriction of citizenship only to children whose parents both could claim to be Athenian citizens

22. Delian League as Athenian Empire
Athens’ fortification walls
Naxos’s attempt to withdraw from the Delian League (467 BC), Thasos (465 BC) and Athenian coercion
Treasury of the Delian League moved to Athens (454 BC)
Universal Coinage and Courts
An alliance or an empire....?

23. Thucydides (c.460-401 BC) Athenian general
Extensive military experience
History of the Peloponnesian War
Role of Pericles’s Funeral Oration
Values of Athenian society
Model for others
Duties of citizen men and women

24. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

25. The Peloponnesian Wars
First War between Athens and Sparta ( BC)
Pericles, General of Athens ( )
446: “Thirty Years Peace” for Athens and Sparta
The Great Peloponnesian War ( )
Plague and death of Pericles (430)
Athen‘s Failed Sicilian expedition ( )
Persian Involvement and Spartan Victory (404)

26. End of Peloponnesian Wars
Athen‘s failed Sicilian expedition (415–413 BC)
Persian involvement and Spartan victory at Aegospotamie (404 BC)

27. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

28. Consequences of the War
Athens loses
Fortifications
Fleet
Empire
Sparta wins, yet
Loses respect within Greek world
Difficulty maintaining navy
Helot problem
Population loss
Power Vacuum within Greek World
Weakening of Polis