1. Chapter 15
The Muslim Empires

4. Section One The Ottoman Empire

6. Rise of the Ottoman Turks
Built power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula
Expanded westward into the Balkans
Claimed the title of sultan and built a strong military

8. Rise of the Ottoman Turks
Janissaries an elite military guard, converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan
Elite military guard & mastery of firearms

10. Expansion of the Empire
The Ottoman empire expanded into Western Asia, North Africa and additional lands in Europe

12. The Fall of Constantinople
Mehmet II, leader of the Ottomans
His forces laid siege to Constantinople
May 29, 1453 the Ottoman’s breached the walls of the city
Sacked the city for three days

13. Western Asia & Africa
Istanbul the new name for Constantinople
Sultan Selim I leader to the Ottoman Turks between 1514 & 1517
Took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt & Arabia

15. Western Asia & Africa
Jerusalem, Makkah & Madinah, holy cities of Islam
Pashas, central government appointed officials who collected taxes, maintained law & order & were directly responsible to the Sultan’s court in Constantinople

16. Europe
Ottomans conquest of Europe was stopped by the Hungarians at the Danube Valley
Turks were defeated in Vienna, Austria in 1529
Ottoman fleet was destroyed by the Spanish at Lepanto in 1571

18. Europe
Conquered territories administered through local rulers

19. The Nature of Ottoman Rule
“gunpowder empire” conquerors who unified the regions largely based on its mastery of the technology of firearms
Sultan, head of the Ottoman system, was the supreme authority in both a political and a military sense

20. The Nature of Ottoman Rule
Harem, private domain of the sultan, “sacred place”, place were his wives resided
grand vizier, a chief minister, led the meetings of the council

21. Religion in the Ottoman World
Sunni Muslims
Ottoman sultans had claimed the title of caliph
Ulema, group of religious advisers that administered the legal system & schools for educating Muslims

22. Religion in the Ottoman World
Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire
Generally tolerant of non-Muslims

23. Ottoman Society Divided by occupation Four main occupational groups
Peasants, artisans, merchants & pastoral peoples
Women subject to restrictions, but their position was somewhat better (inherit property, seek divorce)

24. Problems in the Ottoman Empire
Empire began to lose some of its territory
Sultans became less involved in government
Training of officials declined
Local officials grew corrupt & taxes rose

25. Problems in the Ottoman Empire
Constant wars depleted the imperial treasury
Corruption and palace intrigue grew
Exchange of Western & Ottoman ideas and customs

26. Ottoman Art
Flourishing production of pottery, rugs, silk & other textiles; jewelry & arms & armor
Greatest contribution was in architecture
Sinan, architect, built 81 mosques
Modeled after Hagia Sophia

28. Ottoman Art
Flourishing of textiles & rugs
Factories produced silks for walls hangings, sofa covers & court costumes

32. Section Two: The Rule of the Safavids

34. Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
*Safavids lived in Persia into Central Asia
*Ardent Shiite Muslims
Sunnis & Shiites were the two major groups in the Islamic religion
*Shah Ismail founder of the Safavid Dynasty

36. Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
*Shah, king of the Persian state
*Shah Ismail ordered the massacre of Sunni Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in 1508
Selim I, the Ottoman sultan defeated the Safavids at a major battle near Tabriz

37. Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
Used the Shiite faith as a unifying force
Shah claimed to be the spiritual leader of all Islam
Capital moved from Tabriz to Isfahan

38. Glory & Decline
*Shah Abbas ruled the Safavids from 1588 to 1629
Strengthened his army
Fought the Ottomans over lost land
1612, signed a peace treaty

39. Glory & Decline *Orthodoxy, traditional religious beliefs
*Persian women played a major role in society, but also forced into seclusion.

40. Glory & Decline Afghan peoples invaded & seized the capital of Isfahan
Turks took advantage of the situation to seize territories along the western border
Persia sank into a long period of *anarchy (lawlessness and disorder)

41. Political & Social Structures
Persia under the Safavids was a mixed society
*Safavids ruled, but a majority of the people were Persian
*Political system organized in the shape of a pyramid
*Government appointments based on merit rather than birth

43. The Role of the Shah
Safavid rulers were eagerly supported by Shiites, who believed that the founder of the empire (Shah Ismail) was a direct successor of the prophet Muhammad

44. Economy & Trade
Trade & manufacturing activity
Horse or camel caravans
Resting places for travelers & roads clear of thieves & bandits
Found trade with Europe difficult

45. Safavid Culture Science, medicine & mathematics
*Planned city with wide spaces and a sense of order
Palaces, mosques & bazaars

46. Safavid Culture
*Imaginative metalwork, elaborate tiles & delicate glass vessels
*Silk weaving
*Carpet weaving, Persian carpets
Riza-I-Abbasi, Persian painter

47. Shah Ismail
Shah Abbas
religious, political, and economic leader

48. Section Three: The Grandeur of the Moguls

50. The Mogul Dynasty
Located on the Indian subcontinent
*Hindu & Muslim kingdoms
*Babur founder of the Mogul dynasty
Forces used advanced weapons, including heavy artillery

51. The Mogul Dynasty
*Babur captured Delhi & established his power in the plains of North India

53. The Fortress of Gwalior in India greatly impressed Babur

55. The Reign of Akbar
Akbar, Babur grandson used *heavy artillery
Was a successful negotiator
Highly centralized government
Semi-independent states
Known for his humane character

56. The Reign of Akbar
*Religious tolerance
Interested in other religions & tolerated Hindu practices
Tolerant in his administration of government
*Zamindars, local officials who kept a portion of the taxes paid by peasants in lieu of a salary

57. The Reign of Akbar
Exported textiles, tropical food products, spices and precious stones

58. Decline of the Moguls
Shah Jahan leader of the Moguls between 1628 & 1658
Expanded the boundaries of the empire
Failed to deal with growing domestic problems
Inherited a nearly empty treasury

59. Shah Jahan

60. Decline of the Moguls
Shah Jahan’s military campaigns & expensive building projects put a heavy strain on the imperial finances & compelled him to raise taxes
Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan’s son, controversial Mogul ruler

61. Decline of the Moguls
Aurangzeb, attempted to eliminate India’s social evils
Forbade sutte & levying of illegal taxes
Suttee, cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre
Reversed religious tolerance

62. The British in India
Established trading forts by 1650
British ships carried Indian-made cotton goods to East Indies, where they were traded for spices
Attracted rivals in the French

63. The British in India
Sir Robert Clive, chief representative for the East India Company’s power in India
Fought the French, imprisoned in the “Black Hole of Calcutta” and underground prison
1757, defeated the Mogul-led army

65. The British in India
Collected taxes from lands in the area surrounding Calcutta
Offended both their Indian allies and the local population, who were taxed heavily to meet the expenses of the East India Company

66. Society & Daily Life in Mogul India
Blending of Hindu and Muslim influences
Women played an active role
Fought in battle, owned land & took part in business
Hindu practices remained unchanged by Mogul rule

67. Mogul Culture
Brought Persian & Indian influences together
Symbolized by the Taj Mahal
Built in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal

68. Mumtaz Mahal

70. Mogul Culture
“Akbar style” combined Persian with Indian motifs
Used perspective and lifelike portraits