1. Confidence Intervals Chapter 7

2. Rate your confidence 0 - 100 Guess my mom’s age within 10 years? –within 5 years? –within 1 year? Shooting a basketball at a wading pool, will you make the basket? Shooting the ball at a large trash can, will you make the basket? Shooting a ball into the fish bowls at the carnival, will you make the shot?

3. What happens to your confidence as the interval gets smaller? The smaller the interval, the lower your confidence. % % % %

4. Point Estimate singleUse a single statistic based on sample data to estimate a population parameter Simplest approach variationBut not always very precise due to variation in the sampling distribution

5. Confidence intervals Are used to estimate the unknown population mean Formula: estimate + margin of error

6. Margin of error Shows how accurate we believe our estimate is more preciseThe smaller the margin of error, the more precise our estimate of the true parameter Formula:

7. Confidence level Is the success rate of the method used to construct the interval Using this method, ____% of the time the intervals constructed will contain the true population parameter

8. Found from the confidence level The upper z-score with probability p lying to its right under the standard normal curve Confidence leveltail areaz*.051.645.0251.96.0052.576 Critical value (z*).05 z*=1.645.025 z*=1.96.005 z*=2.576 90% 95% 99%

9. Confidence interval for a population mean: estimate Critical value Standard deviation of the statistic Margin of error

10. What does it mean to be 95% confident? 95% chance that  is contained in the confidence interval The probability that the interval contains  is 95% The method used to construct the interval will produce intervals that contain  95% of the time.

11. Steps for doing a confidence interval: 1)Assumptions – SRS from population (or randomly assigned treatments) Sampling distribution is normal (or approximately normal) Given (normal) Large sample size (approximately normal) Graph data (approximately normal)  is known 2)Calculate the interval 3)Write a statement about the interval in the context of the problem.

12. Statement: (memorize!!) We are ________% confident that the true mean context lies within the interval ______ and ______.

13. Assumptions: Have an SRS of blood measurements Potassium level is normally distributed (given)  known We are 90% confident that the true mean potassium level is between 3.01 and 3.39. A test for the level of potassium in the blood is not perfectly precise. Suppose that repeated measurements for the same person on different days vary normally with  = 0.2. A random sample of three has a mean of 3.2. What is a 90% confidence interval for the mean potassium level?

14. Assumptions: Have an SRS of blood measurements Potassium level is normally distributed (given)  known We are 95% confident that the true mean potassium level is between 2.97 and 3.43. 95% confidence interval?

15. 99% confidence interval? Assumptions: Have an SRS of blood measurements Potassium level is normally distributed (given)  known We are 99% confident that the true mean potassium level is between 2.90 and 3.50.

16. What happens to the interval as the confidence level increases? the interval gets wider as the confidence level increases

17. How can you make the margin of error smaller? z* smaller (lower confidence level)  smaller (less variation in the population) n larger (to cut the margin of error in half, n must be 4 times as big) Really cannot change!

18. A random sample of 50 Oakwood students was taken and their mean SAT score was 1250. (Assume  = 105) What is a 95% confidence interval for the mean SAT scores of Oakwood students? Assume: Given SRS of students; distribution is approximately normal due to large sample size;  known We are 95% confident that the true mean SAT score for Oakwood students is between 1220.9 and 1279.1

19. Suppose that we have this random sample of SAT scores: 950 1130 1260 1090 1310 1420 1190 What is a 95% confidence interval for the true mean SAT score? (Assume  = 105) Assume: Given SRS of students; distribution is approximately normal because the boxplot is approximately symmetrical;  known We are 95% confident that the true mean SAT score for Oakwood students is between 1115.1 and 1270.6.

20. Find a sample size: If a certain margin of error is wanted, then to find the sample size necessary for that margin of error use: Always round up to the nearest person!

21. The heights of Oakwood male students is normally distributed with  = 2.5 inches. How large a sample is necessary to be accurate within +.75 inches with a 95% confidence interval? n = 43

22. In a randomized comparative experiment on the effects of calcium on blood pressure, researchers divided 54 healthy, white males at random into two groups, takes calcium or placebo. The paper reports a mean seated systolic blood pressure of 114.9 with standard deviation of 9.3 for the placebo group. Assume systolic blood pressure is normally distributed. Can you find a z-interval for this problem? Why or why not?

23. Student’s t- distribution Developed by William Gosset Continuous distribution Unimodal, symmetrical, bell-shaped density curve Above the horizontal axis Area under the curve equals 1 Based on degrees of freedom

24. Graph examples of t- curves vs normal curve

25. How does t compare to normal? Shorter & more spread out More area under the tails As n increases, t-distributions become more like a standard normal distribution

26. How to find t* Use Table B for t distributions Look up confidence level at bottom & df on the sides df = n – 1 Find these t* 90% confidence when n = 5 95% confidence when n = 15 t* =2.132 t* =2.145 Can also use invT on the calculator! Need upper t* value with 5% is above – so 95% is below invT(p,df)

27. Formula: estimate Critical value Standard deviation of statistic Margin of error

28. Assumptions for t-inference Have an SRS from population (or randomly assigned treatments)  unknown Normal (or approx. normal) distribution –Given –Large sample size –Check graph of data

29. For the Ex. 4: Find a 95% confidence interval for the true mean systolic blood pressure of the placebo group. Assumptions: Have randomly assigned males to treatment Systolic blood pressure is normally distributed (given).  is unknown We are 95% confident that the true mean systolic blood pressure is between 111.22 and 118.58.

30. Robust An inference procedure is ROBUST if the confidence level doesn’t change much if the assumptions are violated. t-procedures can be used with some skewness, as long as there are no outliers. Larger n can have more skewness. Since there is more area in the tails in t- distributions, then, if a distribution has some skewness, the tail area is not greatly affected. CI deal with area in the tails – is the area changed greatly when there is skewness

31. Ex. 5 – A medical researcher measured the pulse rate of a random sample of 20 adults and found a mean pulse rate of 72.69 beats per minute with a standard deviation of 3.86 beats per minute. Assume pulse rate is normally distributed. Compute a 95% confidence interval for the true mean pulse rates of adults. We are 95% confident that the true mean pulse rate of adults is between 70.883 & 74.497.

32. Another medical researcher claims that the true mean pulse rate for adults is 72 beats per minute. Does the evidence support or refute this? Explain. The 95% confidence interval contains the claim of 72 beats per minute. Therefore, there is no evidence to doubt the claim.

33. Ex. 6 – Consumer Reports tested 14 randomly selected brands of vanilla yogurt and found the following numbers of calories per serving: 160200220230120180140 13017019080120100170 Compute a 98% confidence interval for the average calorie content per serving of vanilla yogurt. We are 98% confident that the true mean calorie content per serving of vanilla yogurt is between 126.16 calories & 189.56 calories.

34. A diet guide claims that you will get 120 calories from a serving of vanilla yogurt. What does this evidence indicate? Since 120 calories is not contained within the 98% confidence interval, the evidence suggest that the average calories per serving does not equal 120 calories. NOT EQUAL Note: confidence intervals tell us if something is NOT EQUAL – never less or greater than!

35. Some Cautions: The data MUST be a SRS from the population (or randomly assigned treatment) The formula is not correct for more complex sampling designs, i.e., stratified, etc. No way to correct for bias in data

36. Cautions continued: Outliers can have a large effect on confidence interval Must know  to do a z-interval – which is unrealistic in practice