1. AP BIOLOGY Chapter 9 Metabolism

2. Tell which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced in this reaction
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced

3. Krebs cycle is also called the ______________ cycle
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
How many carbons are in pyruvic acid?
Citric acid
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)
6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 CO H2O + energy 3

4. Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons from acetyl CoA
What happens to Coenzyme A after acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons to the Krebs cycle?
Citric acid (citrate)
Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons from pyruvate

5. Which pathway generates the most energy from glucose?
FERMENTATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm

6. inner membrane (cristae)
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Identify the part:
A = ______________
B = ______________
C = ______________
D = ________________
E = ________________ E
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
inner membrane (cristae)
matrix
cytoplasm

7. Give the chemical equation for Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
After glycolysis, which pathway will
pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present?
It will enter the Krebs cycle

8. glycolysis Krebs cycle Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration:
#1 = _____________
#2 = _____________
#3 = _____________
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
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9. False; both plants and animals have mitochondria
True or False
Only animal cells have mitochondria
False; both plants and animals have
mitochondria
How many carbons are in a glucose
molecule?
6; C6H12O6

10. Give the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
How many ATP’s are required to get glycolysis started?
2 ATP

11. Presence or absence of oxygen
After glycolysis, what determines which pathway pyruvic acid will follow?
Presence or absence of oxygen
Name the two kinds of fermentation
Lactic acid and alcoholic

12. What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis?
During ______________ fats can be broken down into 2 carbon units that enter the Krebs cycle to be burned for energy instead of glucose.
Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP
Beta oxidation

13. How is pyruvate different from pyruvic acid?
Both are forms of same molecule
Pyruvate is pyruvic acid that has lost an H.

14. D B E C Tell its location: Where Krebs cycle happens = ___
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Tell its location:
Where Krebs cycle happens = ___
Where is the Electron Transport Chain found = ___
H+ ions accumulate here
during electron transport = ___
Place where glycolysis
happens= ___ D C B E

15. Which electron carrier produces the most ATP… NADH or FADH2?
WHY?
Each NADH makes 3 ATP
Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane; FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP

16. Name the 3 carbon molecule produced during glycolysis
Type of fermentation used to make yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi, buttermilk, etc.
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
Lactic acid

17. Muscle fatigue is caused when the process of fermentation produces _____________
Lactic acid
The energy produced by electrons
passing down the Electron Transport
chain are used to pump which ion into the intermembrane space?
H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and accumulate in the intermembrane space

18. Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle?
Which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen?
Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain
Why is the Krebs cycle also called
the citric acid cycle?
Citric acid is the first compound formed
during the Krebs cycle

19. Adenosine triphosphate
Name this molecule
Adenosine triphosphate

20. Which kind of fermentation puts the air holes in bread?
Alcoholic fermentation releases
CO2 bubbles which pop and leave
holes in the bread
What is the final electron acceptor
at the end of the Electron Transport
Chain during cellular respiration?
oxygen

21. Alcohol evaporates during cooking
If alcoholic fermentation is what makes bread rise, why don’t we get intoxicated from eating the bread?
Alcohol evaporates during cooking
During short term exercise muscle cells are
using which pathway to provide energy?
Lactic acid fermentation cellular respiration
lactic acid fermentation

22. What happens to the CO2 produced when pyruvic acid is broken down?
It is released into the atmosphere
What is the energy tally from
1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing the Krebs cycle?
__ NADH __ ATP
__ FADH __ CO2 4 1 1 6

23. The generation of ATP from a proton gradient that occurs in all living things is called _________________
chemiosmosis

24. Organisms that can use either fermentation or cellular respiration
are called ________________
Where are cytochromes found?
How do prokaryotes do cellular respiration if they don’t have mitochondria?
Facultative anaerobes
Part of electron transport chain
ETC proteins are in plasma membrane; infolding to make pockets creates places to make H+ gradients and run ETC to make ATP

25. How do the levels of AMP and ATP
play a regulatory role in the glycolysis
pathway?
High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway;
High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not needed)

26. = __________________________ OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Using a proton gradient created by electron transport chain to make ATP
= __________________________
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
MITOCHONDRION

27. Using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient
= __________________
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

28. Glycolysis is also called the ____________________ pathway.
The enzyme cofactor that is part of Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __
__________ is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway B
CATALASE

29. When you did this lab, what was the purpose of adding sulfuric acid?
Acid denatures the catalase enzyme and stops the reaction

30. Name the cell part that contains catalase to break down peroxide.
When hydrogen peroxide is broken down, what gas is produced?
peroxisome
oxygen

31. Name these molecules Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Alcohol (Ethyl)
Name these molecules
Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
Alcohol
(Ethyl)

32. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Name this molecule
NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

33. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Name this molecule
NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

34. FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Name this molecule
FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)