1. BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

2. YOU MUST KNOW…
THE KEY WAYS IN WHICH PROKARYOTES DIFFER FROM EUKARYOTES WITH RESPECT TO GENOME, MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES, SIZE, AND REPRODUCTION

3. CONCEPT 27.1
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO PROKARYOTIC SUCCESS

4. 3 DOMAINS ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA
ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA ARE PROKARYOTES

5. PROKARYOTES - NO TRUE NUCLEI OR INTERNAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION
DNA IS IN A NUCLEOID REGION
SMALL GENOMES, ONE MAJOR CHROMOSOME AND SMALLER, CIRCULAR, INDEPENDENT PIECES OF DNA CALLED PLASMIDS
CELL WALL CONTAINING PEPTIDOGLYCANS
GRAM-POSITIVE – CELL WALL WITH PEPTIDOGLYCANS
GRAM-NEGATIVE – MORE COMPLEX CELL WALLS
PILI – ADHERE TO SURFACES
MAY HAVE FLAGELLA – FOR MOVEMENT

6. CONCEPT 27.2
RAPID REPRODUCTION, MUTATION, AND GENETIC RECOMBINATION PROMOTE GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PROKARYOTES

7. 3 MECHANISMS OF GENETIC MATERIAL TRANSFER
TRANSFORMATION – PROKARYOTE TAKES UP DNA FROM ITS ENVT
CONJUGATION – GENES ARE DIRECTLY TRANFERRED FROM ONE PROKARYOTE TO ANOTHER
TRANSDUCTION – VIRUSES TRANSFER GENES BETWEEN PROKARYOTES
MUTATION – THE MAJOR SOURCE OF GENETIC VARIATION IN PROKARYOTES

9. CONCEPT 27.3
A GREAT DIVERSITY OF NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS HAS EVOLVED IN PROKARYOTES

10. 4 GROUPS OF PROKARYOTES
PLACED IN FOUR GROUPS ACCORDING TO HOW THEY TAKE IN CARBON AND HOW THEY OBTAIN ENERGY

11. PHOTOAUTOTROPHS – PHOTOSYNTHETIC, USE POWER OF SUNLIGHT TO CONVERT CARBON DIOXIDE INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS – USE CARBON DIOXIDE AS THEIR SOURCE OF CARBON BUT THEY GET THEIR ENERGY FROM OXIDIZING INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

12. PHOTOHETEROTROPHS – USE LIGHT TO MAKE ATP BUT MUST OBTAIN THEIR CARBON FROM AN OUTSIDE SOURCE ALREADY FIXED IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS – GET BOTH CARBON AND ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

13. OBLIGATE AEROBES – CANNOT GROW WITHOUT OXYGEN BECAUSE THEY NEED OXYGEN FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES – POISONED BY OXYGEN, USE FERMENTATION
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES – USE OXYGEN IF AVAILABLE BUT CAN USE FERMENTATION IF NO OXYGEN
SOME PROKARYOTES CAN USE NITROGEN AFTER NITROGEN FIXATION

15. CONCEPT 27.4
MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS IS ILLUMINATING PROKARYOTIC PHYLOGENY

16. EXTREMOPHILES FIRST PROKARYOTES (ARCHAEA)
EXTREME HALOPHILES – LIVE IN SALINE ENVTS
EXTREME THERMOHILES – LIVE IN VERY HOT ENVTS
OTHER ARCHAEA DO NOT LIVE IN EXTREMES
METHANOGENS USE CARBON DIOXIDE TO OXIDIZE H2 AND PRODUCE METHANE AS A WASTE PRODUCT

17. CONCEPT 27.5
PROKARYOTES PLAY CRUCIAL ROLES IN THE BIOSPHERE

18. DECOMPOSERS – BREAKING DOWN DEAD CORPSES, VEGETATION, AND WASTE PRODUCTS
SYMBIOTIC – FORM RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER SPECIES
MUTUALISM – BOTH SYMBIOTIC ORGANISMS BENEFIT
COMMENSALISM – ONE BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NEITHER HELPED OR HARMED
PARASITISM – ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE OTHER

19. CONCEPT 27.6
PROKARYOTES HAVE BOTH HARMFUL AND BENEFICIAL IMPACTS ON HUMANS

20. SOME PROKARYOTES ARE PATHOGENIC AND CAUSE ILLNESS BY PRODUCING TOXINS
ANTIBIOTICS – CHEMICALS THAT CAN KILL PROKARYOTES

21. USES OF PROKARYOTES
BIOREMEDIATION – REMOVING POLLUTANTS FROM SOIL, AIR, OR WATER (TREATING SEWAGE, CLEANING UP OIL SPILLS)
SYMBIONTS IN THE GUT (MAKE VITAMINS, DIGEST FOODS)
GENE CLONING AND PRODUCING TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
PRODUCTION OF CHEESE AND
YOGURT