1. Aim: What is the reason for the seasons?
Seasons animation

2. Seasons diagram in Northern Hemisphere

3. 2. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun
A: Two Reasons:
1. The tilt of the Earth’s axis
a. When a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, the season is summer
b. When a hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, the season is winter.
2. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun
The hemisphere that points toward the Sun changes as the Earth revolves around the Sun = causes seasons to change.

4. B. Earth’s tilt creates uneven heating
The earth is tilted 23.5 o in relation to the sun.
The tilt causes the sun to hit the earth at different angles….causing different temperatures.
This is called the angle of insolation. Higher angles=stronger sunlight

6. ESRT – periods of revolution
Planets
Period of Revolution Around the Sun
Mercury
87.96 Earth days
Venus
Earth days
Earth
days
Mars
Earth days
Jupiter
Earth years
Saturn
Earth years
Uranus
84.07 Earth years
Neptune
Earth years
Pluto (dwarf planet)
247.7 years
Which planet is going: Fastest? Slowest?
The farther the planet…the faster the orbital speed!

7. Questions…
If the Earth’s orbit is a 360o ellipse, and it takes Earth days to revolve…. Approximately how many degrees per day does the Earth travel in its revolution? A) 1 B) 3 C) 10 D) 30

8. C. Definitions
1. Revolution: The movement of a planet in its orbit around the Sun.
2. Orbit: The path a planet takes around the Sun.
3. Path is slightly oval shaped called an ellipse. An oval shaped orbit is referred to as elliptical. The farther away the planet, the longer the period of revolution.
4. Season: The change in temperature caused by the earth’s tilt as it revolves around the sun.

9. D. Seasons have nothing to do with distance… the N. H
D. Seasons have nothing to do with distance… the N.H. is in summer when Earth is farther away from the sun.

10. E. Animations of the The Earth’s Orbit
seasons animation

11. Label Seasons diagram….

12. The Tropics

13. Sunrise: N of E Sunset: N of W
F. What is a solstice? When the Sun’s direct rays (strongest) reach farthest north or farthest south of the equator.
Summer Solstice in N.H.– June 21
First Day of Summer, longest daylight hours
Strongest (direct) rays hit north of equator at the tropic of cancer (noon sun directly overhead)
Sunrise: N of E Sunset: N of W

14. Sunrise: S of E Sunset: S of W
Winter Solstice in N.H.– December 22
First Day of Winter, shortest daylight hours.
Strongest (direct) rays hit south of the equator at the tropic of capricorn (noon sun directly overhead)
Sunrise: S of E Sunset: S of W

15. Sunrise: due E Sunset: due W
G. What is an Equinox?
1. The direct rays of the Sun are striking at the equator (noon sun directly overhead)
2. All places on Earth have equal hours of daylight and night
Autumnal Equinox
First Day of Fall in N.H., September 21
Vernal Equinox
First Day of Spring in N.H., March 21
Sunrise: due E Sunset: due W

16. Varying daylight hours….

18. Summer in the Arctic

19. Seasons animation http://kids.msfc.nasa.gov/earth/seasons/EarthSeasons
sun at solstice in north pole

20. Summary – effects of Earth’s tilt
Seasons (Angle if insolation)
Higher angle = warmer season
Lower angle = cooler season
Little change at the equator = no seasons
Different amounts of daylight hours (duration of insolation)
Longer duration = warmer days
Shorter duration = cooler days

21. Insolation Chart Intensity of Insolation (season) Date it Occurs
Angle of Insolation (Highest arc of the sun)
Duration of Insolation ( # daylight hours)
Location of the Direct Rays (Latitude)
Diagram
Maximum insolation (most) Summer
Average Insolation Spring Autumn
Minimum insolation (least)
Winter

22. Apparent Path of the Sun
Aim: Why do we get differing amounts of daylight hours during the year?

23. A. Why do we get different amounts of daylight hours during the year?
The tilt of the Earth’s axis makes the sun appear to rise to different heights during different seasons.
Summer – sun rises higher, takes longer to set, longer daylight hours, shorter shadows, more intensity and duration of insolation.
Winter – sun rises lower, takes less time to set, shorter daylight hours, longer shadows, less intensity and duration of insolation.

26. View of Sun in N. H. at noon

27. At the equator….

28. Noon sun at different latitudes
KNOW THESE DIAGRAMS!
EQUATOR
N. Hemi
N. Pole
S. Hemi

30. Factors Affecting Insolation
Intensity (strength):
Atmosphere (clouds)
Latitude
Seasons
Time of Day
Duration (length):
Latitude
Season

31. Surface temperatures….
The Earth’s surfaces take time to absorb and heat the air…so the warmest time of the day is late afternoon, even though the strongest intensity of insolation is at noon.
Same applies for seasons….strongest intensity is in June when the sun is most direct overhead, but it takes a couple of months to heat the oceans and land…so the warmest month tends to be August.

32. Climate change in history –Milaknovitch cycles
Earth wobbles like a top – every yrs.
Earth’s orbit becomes more elliptical – every 100,000 yrs.
Tilt changes from 23.5 to 24.5 every yrs.
Milankovitch cycles on four different periods: 19,000, 23,000, 41,000 and 100,000 years.
Thought to trigger ice ages

42. More seasons animations
Brainpop.com