1. The Accelerating Universe Walid J. Azzam Department of Physics College of Science University of Bahrain

2. Outline A Little Cosmology Supernovae – the tool The Accelerating Universe The Nobel Prize

3. Historical Perspective of Cosmology

6. Anaximander

7. Plasma Universe

10. Functional Universe

14. The Official Story Modern Cosmology Assumptions: 1- Homogeneity 2- Isotropy 3- Universality of the Laws of Physics  Cosmological Principle

15. Big Bang Theory The Universe “exploded” from a singularity of infinite density, about 13.7 billion years ago, and has been expanding ever since.

18. Any Evidence, Sir? Doppler shift of the spectral lines of galaxies. Percentage of H and He (and trace elements). Cosmic Background Radiation

23. Will the Universe Expand Forever? We need to compare the current density (matter + energy) to the critical density.  >  c (  0 > 1) : expansion will stop; this will be followed by contraction  =  c (  0 = 1) : expansion stops asymtotically at infinity  <  c (  0 < 1) : expansion continues

24. Supernovae Historical Supernovae Types Remnants Use in Cosmology

25. Historical SNe SN 1006 Around April 30. Read by its light at night. Faded after 1 yr. Seen in: Egypt, Iraq, Europe, China, Japan. Visible in daylight.

26. SN 1054 July 4, “guest star”. China, Japan, Korea, and Arabic medical textbook. Visible by daylight.

27. SN 1572 (Tycho’s SN)

28. SN 1604 (Kepler’s SN)

31. Types of SNe

37. Remnants

39. Use in Cosmology