1. Stoichiometry – “Fun With Ratios”
Main Idea: The coefficients from the balanced equation tell the ratios between reactants and products.
This ratio applies to #’s of molecules (or moles) not masses.
It’s all about the moles

2. Ex. 2H2 + O2  2H2O Interpretations:
2 molecules of H2 combine with 1 molecule of O2 to produce 2 molecules of H2O. Or
2 moles of H2 combine with 1 mole of O2 to produce 2 moles of H2O.

3. As long as we are dealing with amounts of molecules, the ratios will stay the same:
2 H2 : 1 O2: 2 H2O
6 moles H2  ? Moles O2
Use Mole Ratio  1 mole O2
2 moles H2

4. Every Stoich Problem uses Mole Ratios
Step 1-Write the balanced equation
If you haven’t written the correct equation & haven’t balanced it right, you will not solve the problem correctly.
Step 2-Draw a road map for solving the problem.
At the very least you will use the mole ratio to determine the moles of what you are trying to find.
If given grams get the moles 1st. If your answer should be in grams, convert from moles to grams.

5. Step 3- Solve problem using unit factors.
Units are your friends!!
Step 4- Check significant digits
Oh no, not sig digs again!

6. Molex  Moley Conversions
Ex. How many moles of magnesium oxide will be produced if 1.93 moles of O2 reacts with magnesium completely.
Road Map Moles O2 > MgO
Equation 2Mg + O2 > 2 MgO
Work: Moles O Moles of MgO /1 Mol O2
Answer: 3.86 moles MgO

7. Molex  Gramy, Gramx  Moley
Ex. How many grams of oxygen will react with 4.25 moles of magnesium?
Work: Balanced Equation 2Mg + O2 > 2 MgO
4.25 Moles Mg 1 Mole O2/2 Moles Mg g/1 mol O2
Answer: 68.0 g O2
Ex. How many moles of water are produced when 42.0 g of methane, CH4, burns in the presence of oxygen gas?
Work: Balanced Equation CH O2 > CO2 + 2H2O
42.0 g of CH mole CH4/ g 2 moles H2O/1 Mole CH4
Answer: 5.25 mol H2O

8. Gramx  Gramy This is how we use stoichiometry in the REAL WORLD.
There are four steps in solving gramgram
1. Write correct balanced equation
2. Convert grams given into moles
3. Use mole ratio based on ratio between the given and the unknown using coefficients from balanced equation.
4. Convert moles of unknown into grams.

10. Ex. How many grams of AlCl3 can be made by reacting 100
Ex. How many grams of AlCl3 can be made by reacting grams of chlorine gas with excess aluminum metal?
3Cl2(g) + 2Al(s) > 2AlCl3
Answer: g AlCl3

11. How many grams of NaOH is produced from 1.20 x 103 g of Na2O?
Ex. Given the equation:
Na2O + H2O  NaOH
How many grams of NaOH is produced from 1.20 x 103 g of Na2O?
Work: Balance Na2O + H2O  2NaOH
1.20 x 103 g Na2O 1 mol Na2O mol NaOH/ g/ g 1 mol Na2O 1 mol NaOH
Answer: 1.55 x 103 g NaOH

12. Limiting Reactants and Excess
What is the Limiting Reagent (Reactant)?
It is the substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
The limiting reactant (reagent) determines how much product you can make.
If you are given amounts of more than one reactant, determine how much product you can make with each of them. Whichever produces the LEAST amount of product is your limiting reagent.

13. Practice Problems
Consider the reaction:
2 Al I2  2 AlI3
Determine the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield of the product, aluminum iodide, if one starts with:
a) moles of Al and 2.40 moles of iodine Al I2

14. B. I2 Which is limiting Reactant? A. Al
1.2 moles of Al moles AlI moles AlI moles Al
2.40 moles I moles AlI moles AlI2
3 moles I2
Al is limiting reactant

15. b). 1.20 grams of Al and 2.40 grams of iodine
A 1.20g Al
B g I2
1.20 g Al 1mol Al mol AlI mols AlI2
g 2 mol Al
2.40 g I2 1 mol I mol AlI mols AlI2
g 3 mole I2

16. How many grams of excess reactant will remain?
.006 mols AlI moles Al g
2mole AlI mole Al
.0179 g g excess

17. 15.00 g aluminum sulfide and mL water react until the limiting reagent is used up. Here is the balanced equation for the reaction.
Al2S H2O  2 Al(OH) H2S
a.) What is the maximum mass of H2S which can be formed from these reagents ?
b). Which is the limiting reagent?
c). How much of the excess reactant is used up?

18. Percent Yield Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) * 100
Theoretical Yield is the amount that your stoichiometric calculations have predicted.
Actual Yield is what you actually produced in an experiment.

19. Example: In the reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas producing ammonia:
a.) If you start with 14 grams of N2 and 6.0 grams of H2, what will be the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield?
b.) If 10. grams of the product was formed, what would be the percent yield?

20. 2 Al + 3 CuCl2  2 AlCl3 + 3 Cu How many grams of aluminum will be
required to completely replace copper
from a 208 mL of a 0.100M solution of
copper(II) chloride?
2 Al CuCl2  2 AlCl Cu
Answer = g Al