2. Automatic Storage Management The New Best Practice Steve Adams Ixora Rich Long Oracle Corporation Session id: 40288

3. The Challenge  Today’s databases – large – growing  Storage requirements – acceptable performance – expandable and scalable – high availability – low maintenance

4. Outline  Introduction – get excited about ASM  Current best practices – complex, demanding, but achievable  Automatic storage management – simple, easy, better  Conclusion

5. Current Best Practices  General principles to follow – direct I/O – asynchronous I/O – striping – mirroring – load balancing  Reduced expertise and analysis required – avoids all the worst mistakes

6. File System Cache Database Cache SGA PGA Buffered I/O  Reads – stat: physical reads – read from cache – may require physical read  Writes – written to cache – synchronously (Oracle waits until the data is safely on disk too)

7. File System Cache Direct I/O  I/O – bypasses file system cache  Memory – file system cache does not contain database blocks (so it’s smaller) – database cache can be larger Database Cache SGA PGA

8. Buffered I/O – Cache Usage File System Cache Database Cache Legend: hot data recent warm data older warm data recent cold data o/s data

9. Direct I/O – Cache Usage File System Cache Database Cache Legend: hot data recent warm data older warm data recent cold data o/s data

10. Cache Effectiveness  Buffered I/O – overlap wastes memory – caches single use data – simple LRU policy – file system cache hits are relatively expensive – extra physical read and write overheads – floods file system cache with Oracle data  Direct I/O – no overlap – no single use data – segmented LRU policy – all cached data is found in the database cache – no physical I/O overheads – non-Oracle data cached more effectively

11. Buffered Log Writes  Most redo log writes address part of a file system block  File system reads the target block first – then copies the data  Oracle waits for both the read and the write – a full disk rotation is needed in between File System Cache Log Buffer SGA

12. I/O Efficiency  Buffered I/O – small writes  must wait for preliminary read – large reads & writes  performed as a series of single block operations – tablespace block size must match file system block size exactly  Direct I/O – small writes  no need to re-write adjacent data – large reads & writes  passed down the stack without any fragmentation – may use any tablespace block size without penalty

13. Direct I/O – How To  May need to – set filesystemio_options parameter – set file system mount options – configure using operating system commands  Depends on – operating system platform – file system type

14. Synchronous I/O  Processes wait for I/O completion and results  A process can only use one disk at a time  For a series of I/Os to the same disk – the hardware cannot service the requests in the optimal order – scheduling latencies DBWn write batch

15. Asynchronous I/O  Can perform other tasks while waiting for I/O  Can use many disks at once  For a batch of I/Os to the same disk – the hardware can service the requests in the optimal order – no scheduling latencies DBWn write batch

16. Asynchronous I/O – How To  Threaded asynchronous I/O simulation – multiple threads perform synchronous I/O – high CPU cost if intensively used – only available on some platforms  Kernelized asynchronous I/O – must use raw devices or a pseudo device driver product  eg: Veritas Quick I/O, Oracle Disk Manager, etc

17. Striping – Benefits  Concurrency – hot spots are spread over multiple disks which can service concurrent requests in parallel  Transfer rate – large reads & writes use multiple disk in parallel  I/O spread – full utilization of hardware investment  important for systems relatively few large disks

18. Striping – Fine or Coarse  Concurrency – coarse grain – most I/Os should be serviced by a single disk – caching ensures that disk hot spots are not small – 1 Mb is a reasonable stripe element size  Transfer rate – fine grain – large I/Os should be serviced by multiple disks – but very fine striping increases rotational latency and reduces concurrency – 128 Kb is commonly optimal

19. Striping – Breadth  Comprehensive (SAME) – all disks in one stripe – ensures even utilization of all disks – needs reconfiguration to increase capacity – without a disk cache log write performance may be unacceptable  Broad (SAME sets) – two or more stripe sets – one sets may be busy while another is idle – can increase capacity by adding a new set – can use a separate disk set to isolate log files from I/O interference

20. Striping – How To  Stripe breadth – broad (SAME sets)  to allow for growth  to isolate log file I/O – comprehensive (SAME)  otherwise  Stripe grain – choose coarse for high concurrency applications – choose fine for low concurrency applications

21. Data Protection  Mirroring – only half the raw disk capacity is usable – can read from either side of the mirror – must write to both sides of the mirror  Half the data capacity  Maximum I/O capacity  RAID-5 – parity data use the capacity of one disk – only one image from which to read – must read and write both the data and parity  Nearly full data capacity  Less than half I/O ability “Data capacity is much cheaper than I/O capacity.”

22. Mirroring – Software or Hardware  Software mirroring – a crash can leave mirrors inconsistent – complete resilvering takes too long – so a dirty region log is normally needed  enumerates potentially inconsistent regions  makes resilvering much faster  but it is a major performance overhead  Hardware mirroring is best practice – hot spare disks should be maintained

23. Data Protection – How To  Choose mirroring, not RAID-5 – disk capacity is cheap – I/O capacity is expensive  Use hardware mirroring if possible – avoid dirty region logging overheads  Keep hot spares – to re-establish mirroring quickly after a failure

24. Load Balancing – Triggers  Performance tuning – poor I/O performance – adequate I/O capacity – uneven workload  Workload growth – inadequate I/O capacity – new disks purchased – workload must be redistributed  Data growth – data growth requires more disk capacity – placing the new data on the new disks would introduce a hot spot

25. Load Balancing – Reactive  Approach – monitor I/O patterns and densities – move files to spread the load out evenly  Difficulties – workload patterns may vary – file sizes may differ, thus preventing swapping – stripe sets may have different I/O characteristics

26. Load Balancing – How To  Be prepared – choose a small, fixed datafile size – use multiple such datafiles for each tablespace – distribute these datafiles evenly over stripe sets  When adding capacity – for each tablespace, move datafiles pro-rata from the existing stripe sets into the new one

27. Automatic Storage Management  What is ASM?  Disk Groups  Dynamic Rebalancing  ASM Architecture  ASM Mirroring

28. Automatic Storage Management New capability in the Oracle database kernel  Provides a vertical integration of the file system and volume manager for simplified management of database files  Spreads database files across all available storage for optimal performance  Enables simple and non-intrusive resource allocation with automatic rebalancing  Virtualizes storage resources

29. ASM Disk Groups Disk Group  A pool of disks managed as a logical unit

30. ASM Disk Groups Disk Group  A pool of disks managed as a logical unit  Partitions total disk space into uniform sized megabyte units

31. ASM Disk Groups Disk Group  A pool of disks managed as a logical unit  Partitions total disk space into uniform sized megabyte units  ASM spreads each file evenly across all disks in a disk group

32. ASM Disk Groups Disk Group  A pool of disks managed as a logical unit  Partitions total disk space into uniform sized megabyte units  ASM spreads each file evenly across all disks in a disk group  Coarse or fine grain striping based on file type

33. ASM Disk Groups Disk Group  A pool of disks managed as a logical unit  Partitions total disk space into uniform sized megabyte units  ASM spreads each file evenly across all disks in a disk group  Coarse or fine grain striping based on file type  Disk groups integrated with Oracle Managed Files

34. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing Disk Group  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes

35. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes  Only move data proportional to storage added Disk Group

36. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes  Only move data proportional to storage added  No need for manual I/O tuning Disk Group

37. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes  Online migration to new storage Disk Group

38. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes  Online migration to new storage Disk Group

39. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes  Online migration to new storage Disk Group

40. ASM Dynamic Rebalancing  Automatic online rebalance whenever storage configuration changes  Online migration to new storage Disk Group

41. ASM Architecture Pool of Storage ASM Instance Server Non–RAC Database Oracle DB Instance Disk Group

42. ASM Architecture Clustered Pool of Storage ASM Instance Clustered Servers RAC Database Oracle DB Instance Oracle DB Instance Disk Group

43. ASM Architecture Clustered Pool of Storage ASM Instance Clustered Servers RAC Database Oracle DB Instance Oracle DB Instance Disk Group

44. ASM Architecture Clustered Pool of Storage ASM Instance Clustered Servers RAC or Non–RAC Databases Oracle DB Instance Oracle DB Instance Oracle DB Instance Oracle DB Instance Oracle DB Instance Disk Group

45. ASM Mirroring  3 choices for disk group redundancy – External: defers to hardware mirroring – Normal: 2-way mirroring – High: 3-way mirroring  Integration with database removes need for dirty region logging

46. ASM Mirroring  Mirror at extent level  Mix primary & mirror extents on each disk

47. ASM Mirroring  Mirror at extent level  Mix primary & mirror extents on each disk

48. ASM Mirroring  No hot spare disk required – Just spare capacity – Failed disk load spread among survivors – Maintains balanced I/O load

49. Conclusion  Best practice is built into ASM  ASM is easy  ASM benefits – performance – availability – automation

50. Best Practice Is Built Into ASM  I/O to ASM files is direct, not buffered  ASM allows kernelized asynchronous I/O  ASM spreads the I/O as broadly as possible – can have both fine and coarse grain striping  ASM can provide software mirroring – does not require dirty region logging – does not require hot spares, just spare capacity  When new disks are added ASM does load balancing automatically without downtime

51. ASM is Easy  You only need to answer two questions – Do you need a separate log file disk group?  intensive OLTP application with no disk cache – Do you need ASM mirroring?  storage not mirrored by the hardware  ASM will do everything else automatically  Storage management is entirely automated – using BIGFILE tablespaces, you need never name or refer to a datafile again

52. ASM Benefits  ASM will improve performance – very few sites follow the current best practices  ASM will improve system availability – no downtime needed for storage changes  ASM will save you time – it automates a complex DBA task entirely

53. A Q & Q U E S T I O N S A N S W E R S

54. Next Steps….  Automatic Storage Management Demo in the Oracle DEMOgrounds – Pod 5DD – Pod 5QQ

55. Reminder – please complete the OracleWorld online session survey Thank you.