2. What You Should Know Worldwide Except for Australia Not found in extreme, cold, dry, or island environments About 550 species and 34 Genera (according to Amphibian Web) 14 known species in the Northwest Parotid glands distinguish them from other families White sticky poison Can kill or paralyze predators, not toxic to humans Skin can be used as a recreational drug

3. Continued… Known as “True Toads” Body Structure Shortened Limbs Hind limbs used for walking or hopping Dry Warty Skin Parotid glands on the head located behind eyes Reproduction Lay eggs Aquatic larvae Terrestrial direct development Viviparous

4. Continued… Characteristics shared within the family Bidder’s organ present Teeth absent from upper and lower jaw Constrictor posterior muscle absent Depressor mandible muscle originating solely from the squamosal Inguinal fat Skull highly ossified Males develop nuptial pads http://www.californiaherps.com/noncal/northwest/nwfrogs/images/ bbboreasfl406nuptialpad.jpg

5. Bufo boreaus Northwest species Largest Western Toad Habitat Found in arid, brush, low lands Nocturnal Secretion has hallucinogenic properties http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/1111_1111/2222/0032.jpeg

6. Bufo nelsoni Northwest species Diurnal in spring and nocturnal in summer Conservative actions kept this species from extinction Defined whitish dorsal stripe http://www.fws.gov/nevada/nv_species/images/amargosa_toad_large.j pg

7. Bufo canorus Northwest species Known as Yosemite Toad High mountain, meadows, and forest Seeks shelters in burrows Diurnal http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/1111_1111/2222/0106.jpeg

8. Bufo exsul Northwest species Known as Black Toad Found only in marshes Highly aquatic Dirunal http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/0000_0000/0306/0113.jpeg

9. Bufo woodhousii Northwest species Known as Woodhouse’s Toad Variety of habitats Whitish dorsal stripe Prominent cranial crest http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/512x768/1111_1111/1111/8989.jpeg

10. Bufo brauni Tanzania Known as Dead-leaf Toad Endangered species Recognized by reddish tint http://www.easternarc.org/posters/AmphPost/AmphPost/6.jpg

11. Bufo debilis Southern United States and Northern Mexico Known as Green Toad Endangered species because of habitat loss Nocturnal http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Bufo+debilis

12. Bufo surdus Found in Iran Known as the Iranian Toad Used for pest exterminator Nocturnal Breeds during monsoon season http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bufo_surdus01.jpg

13. Bufo olivaceus Found in Pakistan and Iran Known as Olive Toad No cranial crest Tadpoles feed on algae vegetation Gray dorsum with darkish spotting on limbs http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/browse_imgs/amphibian_sci_20.html

14. Bufo lemur Found in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands Known as Puerto Rican Crested Toad Reproduction is sporadic Highly depends on rainfall Gold marbled eyes Nocturnal http://www.coquipr.com/anf/sp.php

15. Bibliography Amphibian Species of the World http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ Amphibia Web http://amphibiaweb.org/ Stebbins, R. (2003). Western reptiles and amphibians. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.