1. Genetics review Chapters 12-15

3. Mitosis Why mitosis? Homologous chromosomes Chromatids Haploid Diploid Binary fission Tumor Metastasis

4. Fig. 12-4 0.5 µmChromosomes Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Chromo- some arm Centromere Sister chromatids DNA molecules Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids

5. Fig. 12-5 S (DNA synthesis) MITOTIC (M) PHASE Mitosis Cytokinesis G1G1 G2G2

6. Fig. 12-17b Cyclin is degraded Cdk MPF Cdk M S G1G1 G 2 checkpoint Degraded cyclin Cyclin (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle G2G2 Cyclin accumulation

7. Meiosis Genetic variation Chiasmata Synapsis

9. Mendel genetics Homozygous Heterozygous Parental, F 1, F 2 Genotype Phenotype Testcross Monohybrid Dihybrid

12. Mendel Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Incomplete dominance Codominance Multiple alleles Epistasis Pleiotropy Polygenes Dominant disorders

13. Fig. 14-14

15. Fig. 15-2 P Generation Yellow-round seeds (YYRR) Y F 1 Generation Y R R R Y  r r r y y y Meiosis Fertilization Gametes Green-wrinkled seeds ( yyrr) All F 1 plants produce yellow-round seeds ( YyRr ) R R Y Y r r y y Meiosis R R Y Y r r y y Metaphase I Y Y RR r r y y Anaphase I r r y Y Metaphase II R Y R y y y y R R Y Y r r r r y Y Y R R yR Yr yr YR 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 1/41/4 F 2 Generation Gametes An F 1  F 1 cross-fertilization 9 : 3 : 1 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation. LAW OF SEGREGATION The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation. 1 2 3 3 2 1

16. Wild type (w +)

18. Sex linked Hemophilia Color blindness Duchene’s muscular dystrophy

19. Fig. 15-4 P Generation F1F1 F2F2 All offspring had red eyes Sperm Eggs F1F1 F2F2 P Sperm Eggs   X X X Y CONCLUSION EXPERIMENT RESULTS w w w w w w w w + + + ++ w w ww w w w w w + + + + + +

20. Linked genes Genes on same chromosome Testcross more parental types

21. Fig. 15-10 Testcross parents Replication of chromo- somes Gray body, normal wings (F 1 dihybrid) Black body, vestigial wings (double mutant) Replication of chromo- somes b + vg + b vg b + vg + b + vg b vg + b vg Recombinant chromosomes Meiosis I and II Meiosis I Meiosis II b vg + b + vg b vg b + vg + Eggs Testcross offspring 965 Wild type (gray-normal) 944 Black- vestigial 206 Gray- vestigial 185 Black- normal b + vg + b vg b + vg b vg b vg + Sperm b vg Parental-type offspringRecombinant offspring Recombination frequency = 391 recombinants 2,300 total offspring  100 = 17%

22. Human disorders Aneuploidy Nondisjunction Down syndrome Klinefelter’s syndrome Turner syndrome Philadelphia chromosome Deletion, duplication, inversion, translation

23. Nondisjunction