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GENERAL BOTANY نبات عام
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia Ministry Of Higher Education Taibah University Faculty of Science Yanbu Biology Department المملكة العربية السعودية وزارة التعليم العالي جامعة طيبة كلية العلوم بينبع قسم الأحياء GENERAL BOTANY نبات عام BIOB نبت 101 Dr. TRABELSI SOUAD Chapter 13: Plants genetics الفصل 13: النباتات علم الوراثة First year / second semester
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مفردات Vocabulary Genetics: The scientific study of heredity
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Genetics: The scientific study of heredity Pure Line : a population that breeds true for a particular trait Allele: Different versions of a gene. Genotype: combination of alleles an organism has. Phenotype: physical appearance of a particular trait . الوراثة: الدراسة العلمية للوراثة الخط النقي: السكان الذي يولد ينطبق على صفة معينة أليل: إصدارات مختلفة من الجين. النمط الجيني: مزيج من الأليلات كائن حي لديه. النمط الظاهري: المظهر المادي من سمة معينة.
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Dominant: An allele which is expressed (masks the other).
Recessive: An allele which is present but remains unexpressed (masked) Homozygous: Both alleles for a trait are the same. Heterozygous: The organism's alleles for a trait are different. Diploid: Having two sets of chromomosomes or 2N – the sporophyte phase of plants. 2N = 2X = 22 (Flowering dogwood) Haploid: Having one set of chromosomes or N – the gametophyte phase of plants. N = X=11 (Flowering dogwood) المهيمن: هو أليل وهو ما يعبر عنه (أقنعة الآخر). المتنحية: والأليل التي هي موجودة لكنها لا تزال غير المعلنة (الملثمين) متماثل: كلا الأليلات لسمة هي نفسها. متخالف: الأليلات الكائن لسمة مختلفة. مضاعفا: وجود مجموعتين من chromomosomes أو 2N - المرحلة طور بوغي من النباتات. 2N = 2X = 22 (قرانيا مزهرة) فرداني: وجود مجموعة واحدة من الكروموسومات أو N - المرحلة منشئات الأمشاج من النباتات. N = 11 X = (قرانيا مزهرة)
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النمط الجيني والنمط الظاهري Genotype and Phenotype
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 النمط الجيني والنمط الظاهري Genotype and Phenotype Genotype : genetic constitution of an organismالنمط الجيني: الدستور الوراثية للكائن الحي Phenotype : observable characteristicالنمط الظاهري: سمة يمكن ملاحظتها Genotype and environmentالتركيب الوراثي والبيئة Contribution of environment varies between genesمساهمة بيئة تختلف بين الجينات Can be controlled by many genes يمكن السيطرة عليها من قبل العديد من الجينات
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Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية Modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel’s quantitative genetic experimentsبدأ علم الوراثة الحديث مع التجارب الجينية الكمي جريجور مندل Austrian monk ( ) الراهب النمساوي ( ) Stamen Carpel
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Studied physics and botany in the University of Vienna ( ) درس الفيزياء وعلم النبات في جامعة فيينا ( ) Began first hybridization experiments on the garden pea in 1856بدأت تجارب التهجين الأول على البازلاء حديقة في عام 1856 Research ended in 1868 انتهت البحوث في عام 1868
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Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Mendelian Geneticsالوراثة المندلية Heritable, obvious traitsالموروثة، والصفات واضحة Simple crosses at firstالصلبان بسيطة في البداية Used peas because:تستخدم البازلاء للأسباب التالية: Easy to grow and available Many distinguishable characteristics Self-fertilization True breeding peas من السهل أن تنمو ومتاحة العديد من الخصائص مميزة الإخصاب الذاتي البازلاء تربية صحيحة
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الصفات البازلاء Pea Traits
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101
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Monohybrid Crossesالهجين الصلبان
12. Plants genetics Monohybrid Crossesالهجين الصلبان General Botany BIOB 101 Cross between true-breeding individuals with one different traitعبور بين الأفراد صحيح تربية مع سمة مختلفة واحدة Mendel’s first crosses الصلبان مندل الأول Resembled only one of the parentsيشبه واحد فقط من الآباء والأمهات Planted progeny and allowed self-fertilizationذرية المزروعة ويسمح الإخصاب الذاتي Revealed both phenotypes كشفت كل من الظواهر
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Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 GENETIC MAKEUP (ALLELES) P PLANTS F1 PLANTS (hybrids) F2 PLANTS PP pp All P All p All Pp 1/2 P 1/2 p Eggs P p Sperm Pp Gametes Phenotypic ratio 3 purple : 1 white Genotypic ratio 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان Mendel determined thatتحديد مندل أن Particulate factors for genes, each contains a set of two العوامل الجسيمات عن الجينات، كل يحتوي على مجموعة من اثنين Transmitted by both parentsتنتقل عن طريق كلا الوالدين Alternate forms called allelesأشكال بديلة تسمى الأليلات True breeding forms contains identical set أشكال تربية صحيح يحتوي على مجموعة متطابقة
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Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Monohybrid Cross الهجين الصلبان F1 generation had both allelesكان الجيل F1 على حد سواء الأليلات Only one expressesيعبر عن واحد فقط One allele masks أقنعة واحد أليل Dominantمهيمن Recessiveمتنح Identical alleles – homozygousالأليلات متطابقة - متماثل Different alleles – heterozygousالأليلات مختلفة - متخالف
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رسم تخطيطي لفرع Branch Diagrams
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 رسم تخطيطي لفرع Branch Diagrams Punnett squares can become messy with more than one geneيمكن أن تصبح الساحات Punnett فوضوي مع جين واحد أو أكثر Use branch diagram to figure out genotype and phenotype expected frequencyاستخدام فرع الرسم التخطيطي لمعرفة التركيب الوراثي والنمط الظاهري المتوقع التردد
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اختبار الصليب Test Cross
General Botany BIOB 101 12. Plants genetics اختبار الصليب Test Cross Mendel did several crossesلم مندل العديد من الصلبان Followed over several generationsيتبع على مدى عدة أجيال Selfing also very importantإخصاب ذاتي أيضا مهم جدا Allowed plants to reveal their genotype and not just their phenotye نباتات يسمح للكشف عن التركيب الوراثي، وليس فقط على النمط الظاهري
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Monohybrid Crossالهجين الصلبان
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Monohybrid Crossالهجين الصلبان
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The law of segregationقانون العزل
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Mendel's First Lawقانون مندل الأول The law of segregationقانون العزل During gamete formation each member of the allelic pair separates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete. خلال تشكيل الأمشاج كل عضو من الزوج أليلية يفصل من الأعضاء الأخرى لتشكيل الدستور الوراثية من الأمشاج.
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مبدأ الفصل Principle of Segregation
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 مبدأ الفصل Principle of Segregation Recessive characteristics are maskedيتم حجب الخصائص المتنحية Reappear in F2ظهور مرة أخرى في F2 Members of a gene pair (alleles) segregated during gamete formation. فصل أعضاء من زوج الجينات (الأليلات) خلال تشكيل الأمشاج.
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هجين ثنائي الصليبDihybrid Cross
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 هجين ثنائي الصليبDihybrid Cross Mendel’s next step in his experiments was to follow the inheritance of two characters simultaneouslyكان خطوة مندل في تجاربه المقبلة لمتابعة الميراث من حرفين في وقت واحد A cross containing two pairs of contrasting traits is a dihybrid crossيدل التقاطع التي تحتوي على اثنين من أزواج من الصفات المتناقضة هو عبر هجين ثنائي Example: Pea seed color and shape مثال: لون البذور البازلاء والشكل
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101 Figure 3-5 F1 and F2 results of Mendel’s dihybrid crosses between yellow, round and green, wrinkled pea seeds and between yellow, wrinkled and green, round pea seeds.
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101
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فرع الرسم من الهجن الصليب Branch Diagram of Dihybrid Cross
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 فرع الرسم من الهجن الصليب Branch Diagram of Dihybrid Cross
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The Principle of Independent Assortment
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 The Principle of Independent Assortment Factors for different traits assort independently of one another Genes are inherited independently of each other Segregate randomly in gametes Dihybrid Cross
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101 Figure 3-1 A summary of the seven pairs of contrasting traits and the results of Mendel’s seven monohybrid crosses of the garden pea (Pisum sativum). In each case, pollen derived from plants exhibiting one trait was used to fertilize the ova of plants exhibiting the other trait. In the F1 generation, one of the two traits (dominant) was exhibited by all plants. The contrasting trait (recessive) then reappeared in approximately one-fourth of the F2 plants.
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The law of independent assortment
12. Plants genetics Mendel’s Second Law The law of independent assortment During gamete formation the segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair . General Botany BIOB 101
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12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Test Cross In the F2 generation, tall plants are predicted to have either DD or Dd genotypes Genotype cannot be determined by direct observation because both genotypes give the same phenotype Mendel developed the test cross as a simple method to determine the genotype of these individuals Individual with dominant phenotype (and unknown genotype) is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101 Figure 3-4 Testcross of a single character. In (a), the tall parent is homozygous. In (b), the tall parent is heterozygous. The genotype of each tall parent can be determined by examining the offspring when each is crossed to the homozygous recessive dwarf plant.
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Probabilities 12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101
Figure 3-6 Computation of the combined probabilities of each F2 phenotype for two independently inherited characters. The probability of each plant bearing yellow or green seeds is independent of the probability of it bearing round or wrinkled seeds.
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Exercise: Predicting the genotype of offspring
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Exercise: Predicting the genotype of offspring A pea plant is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color. S is the allele for the dominant, spherical shape characteristic; s is the allele for the recessive, dented shape characteristic. Y is the allele for the dominant, yellow color characteristic; y is the allele for the recessive, green color characteristic. What will be the distribution of these two alleles in this plant's gametes? Determine all possible combinations of alleles in the gametes for each parent. Half of the gametes get a dominant S and a dominant Y allele; the other half of the gametes get a recessive s and a recessive y allele. Both parents produce 25% each of SY, Sy, sY, and sy. Figure 3-6 Computation of the combined probabilities of each F2 phenotype for two independently inherited characters. The probability of each plant bearing yellow or green seeds is independent of the probability of it bearing round or wrinkled seeds.
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12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Punnet Squares A Punnet square is a method for visualizing combinations of gametes in a cross Developed by Reginald Punnett Vertical column represents female gametes, horizontal row for male gametes After filling in the gametes, can predict all possible genotypes
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101
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Trihybrid Crosses Trihybrid or three-factor cross
12. Plants genetics General Botany BIOB 101 Trihybrid Crosses Trihybrid or three-factor cross More complex by “easily” calculated following principles of segregation, independent assortment and probability Punnett square has 64 boxes… Demonstrates that Mendel’s principles apply to inheritance of multiple traits
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101 Figure 3-9 Formation of P1 and F1 gametes in a trihybrid cross.
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Forked-line Method Branch diagram
12. Plants genetics Forked-line Method Branch diagram General Botany BIOB 101 Figure 3-10 The generation of the F2 trihybrid ratio using the forked-line, or branch diagram method, which is based on the expected probabability of occurrence of each phenotype.
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Useful Rules to Consider
12. Plants genetics Useful Rules to Consider General Botany BIOB 101 Table 3-1 Simple Mathematical Rules Useful in Working Genetics Problems Examples: 1. Aa [A, a] [AA, Aa, aa] [A or a] 2. AaBb [AB, Ab, aB, ab] [AABB, AaBB, aaBB, AABb, AaBb, aaBb, aaBB, aaBb, aabb] [AB, Ab, aB, BB]
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12. Plants genetics General Botany
BIOB 101 Figure 3-11 The correlation between the Mendelian postulates of (a) unit factors in pairs, (b) segregation, and (c) independent assortment, and the presence of genes located on homologous chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis.
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How cells carry characteristics
12. Plants genetics How cells carry characteristics General Botany BIOB 101 Genes on chromosomes At a specific loci (++ Locus) Homologous pairs carry the same genes at the same locus Different versions Separation of homologous chromosomes yields separation of alleles
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