1. World History: The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 16
The Transformation of Europe,

2. Objectives
Be able to show how the religious reformation and dynastic rivalries further divided the people of Europe at a time when greater unity seems desirable.
Be able to describe how royal centralization increased the unity and power of Spain, France, and England.
Understand how states policies with regard to economic growth and military reorganization, warfare, and diplomacy enable northern European countries to move ahead of Spain.
Be able to analyze the relationships between climate change, human-induced environmental change, and social change in Europe.
Understand the ways in which witch-hunts, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment reflected different European views of the natural world and of human society.

3. Religious and Political Innovations
New Modern Era
1) Reformation
2) Christian Europe unity
competition
Religious Reform
economic prosperity
Renaissance
St. Peter’s Basilica
corruption
Pope Leo X (Medici) ( )
indulgences
Martin Luther ( )
challenge to Pope Leo
faith over works

4. Lutheranism

5. Religious and Political Innovations
Protestant Reformation
rejection of Pope’s authority
word of God & Bible
Lutheranism
salvation through Jesus Christ
German-speaker appeal
printing press
John Calvin ( )
Protestant
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Salvation is predestined
simplification of church rituals
rejection of celibacy; pro-marriage
Catholic Reformation
Society of Jesus (1534)
Ignatius of Loyola

6. Failure of Empire, 1519-1556 Holy Roman Empire Opponents
federation of Germanic states
Ottomans (Vienna)
Charles V
Habsburg
Austria and Spain
Holy Roman Emperor
Goal: unite Europe
Opponents
King Francis I
Luther’s Reformation
German Wars of Religion (1546)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Breakup of empire
Catholicism or Lutheranism

7. Royal Centralization, 1550-1750
Key Ingredients
1) Talented rulers (advisors)
Jean Colbert (France)
Robert Walpole (Great Britain)
2) Long tenure
Spain 6 ( )
France 5 ( )
Increased Power
limit of church power
Roman Catholic
King Philip (Spain)
Inquisition
King Henry of Navarre (France)
Catholic Conversion
Edict of Nantes

8. Royal Centralization, 1550-1750
Increased Power
King Louis XIV (France)
Revocation of Edict of Nantes
King Henry VIII (England)
Katharine of Aragon
Archbishop of Canterbury 1533
head of Church of England
monasteries and convents
limit of noble power
uniformity in law
intendants
army
vernacular
nationalism over Latin

9. Absolutism & Constitutionalism
no check on power
France
Estates-General
not called to session
efficiency in tax collection
selling high office
Palace of Versailles
Constitutionalism
written constitution checks power
Great Britain
coerced loans
Scottish rebellion 1642
King Charles I

10. Absolutism & Constitutionalism
English Civil War
House of Commons 1642
Two sides
Lords
bishops and nobles
Commoners
Puritans
“Rump” parliament
Charles I executed (1649)
Oliver Cromwell ( )
Glorious Revolution (1688)
William of Orange
Mary Stuart
Refusals to call parliament

11. Building State Power Powerful Military Balance of power firearms
large standing armies
drilling techniques
France
naval superiority
ramming to maneuverability
cannon technology
England
end of Spain’s dominance
Balance of power
War of Spanish Succession
Austria/ Prussia/ England

12. Building State Power Economy Spain Dutch England France
commercial elite alliances
trade and taxes ratio
Spain
Protestants, Dutch, Muslim, Jew
religious uniformity
Dutch
1560s and 1570s revolts
sales tax and Catholicism
greatest trading nation by 1600s
commercial shipping
England
financial revolution
France
aristocracy wins out

13. Dutch Revolts
The Dutch

14. Dutch Trade Routes

15. Urban Society Growth of Urban Areas bourgeoisie poor marriage
wealthy merchants
bourgeoisie
town dwellers
capital reinvestment
monarchial alliances
state revenues
family / ethnic networks
poor
“deserving” and “unworthy”
marriage
partner choice
later / smaller families

16. Urban Society Business Practices banks joint-stock companies
family funded
banks
big business / government
security
joint-stock companies
limit of risk and reward
monopolized overseas trade
stock exchanges
insurance companies
Technology
refinement of existing
spread of printed material

17. Rural Society Average Person in 1500-1750 Little Ice Age (1590-1700)
decline in serfdom
conditions worsen
war and drought
Little Ice Age ( )
few degree drop
potatoes and maize
deforestation
iron industry
effect on rural poor
gentry
bourgeoisie estates
rebellions
tax increases; food shortages

18. Realm of Ideas European Thinking folklore & Christian teaching
natural / supernatural
witchcraft
social tensions & poverty
Scientific Revolution
natural causes
Nicholas Copernicus
heliocentric
Galileo Galilei
The Starry Messenger
Isaac Newton
forces of gravity
Enlightenment
power of reason
John Locke (1690)
Second Treatise of Civil Government