1. Continuous Tenses Do not simply show the time of an event, but how the speakers see the event – as ongoing and temporary rather than completed or permanent. Do not simply show the time of an event, but how the speakers see the event – as ongoing and temporary rather than completed or permanent. So, the continuous tenses deal with repeated habits, and actions which produce their results later; and thus often serve to focus on the action itself, and its duration. So, the continuous tenses deal with repeated habits, and actions which produce their results later; and thus often serve to focus on the action itself, and its duration.

2. PRESENT PERFECT I have (I’ve) worked, you have (you‘ve) worked etc. I have (I’ve) worked, you have (you‘ve) worked etc. Have I worked? Have you worked? etc Have I worked? Have you worked? etc I have not (haven’t) worked, you have not (haven’t) worked etc. I have not (haven’t) worked, you have not (haven’t) worked etc.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) I have (I’ve) been working, you have (you’ve) been working etc. I have (I’ve) been working, you have (you’ve) been working etc. Have I been working? Have you been working? etc Have I been working? Have you been working? etc I have not (haven’t) been working, you have not (haven’t) been working etc I have not (haven’t) been working, you have not (haven’t) been working etc

4. PRESENT PERFECT 1 For talking about a finished action/event which is still connected to the present: For talking about a finished action/event which is still connected to the present: Information technology has changed the world. I’ve broken my leg. I’ve broken my leg. I’ve lost my keys.

5. PRESENT PERFECT 2 For announcing news:For announcing news: Our telephone number has changed. With time adverbs:With time adverbs: He’s been President for four years. (Since, always. ever, yet, never, already etc)

6. PRESENT PERFECT 3 For t alking about life experiences : For t alking about life experiences : He’s had a lot of jobs. He’s been a miner, he’s worked in television and he’s been a factory hand.

7. PRESENT PERFECT 4 After “This is the first/second etc time ” After “This is the first/second etc time ” “ This is only the second time this has happened.” To talk about a completed event in the future: To talk about a completed event in the future: “ I can’t make a decision until I’ve received all the data” “I’ll phone you when I’ve heard from her”

8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS -1 Talking about continuous activities “ Exports have been growing steadily over the past six months. Foreign earnings have been moving ahead to record levels.” Compare: “I've been reading your proposals.” “I've read your proposal. “ “She's been checking the calculations.” “She's checked the calculations.”

9. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 2 For talking about the effect of a recent event : For talking about the effect of a recent event : “Why are your hands so dirty?” “I've been trying to repair my car all afternoon.” “You look tired!” “I am. I've been working on the report all day.” “You look tired!” “I am. I've been working on the report all day.”

10. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 3 For talking about repeated actions Compare : “Have you seen my wife?” (I'm looking for her) “Have you been seeing my wife?” (I suspect you're both having an affair) But : “I've been playing a lot of golf recently.” “I've played golf twice this week. “

11. PAST PERFECT I had worked; You had worked etc I had worked; You had worked etc Had I worked? Had you worked? Had I worked? Had you worked? I had not worked; You had not worked I had not worked; You had not worked

12. PAST PERFECT To talk about the ‘earlier past’, something ‘completed in the past’ To talk about the ‘earlier past’, something ‘completed in the past’ Used when we want to go back when we are already talking about the past. Used when we want to go back when we are already talking about the past. Used when we want to say that something had already happened at the time we are talking about Used when we want to say that something had already happened at the time we are talking about

13. PAST PERFECT Time conjunctions: Time conjunctions: 1. After he (had) finished the exams, he went to Paris for a month. (Not really necessary) 2. When I had opened the windows, I sat down and had a cup of tea. (Separate, independent actions) 2. When I had opened the windows, I sat down and had a cup of tea. (Separate, independent actions) 3. BUT When I opened the windows, the cat jumped out. 3. BUT When I opened the windows, the cat jumped out.

14. PAST PERFECT Unrealised hopes and wishes: Unrealised hopes and wishes: I had hoped we would be able to leave todayI had hoped we would be able to leave today She had intended to make a cake, but ran out of time.She had intended to make a cake, but ran out of time. Third conditional: Third conditional: If I had gone to university, I would have studied medicine.If I had gone to university, I would have studied medicine.

15. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been working I had been working Had he been working? Had he been working? I had not been working. I had not been working.

16. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Used to talk about longer actions continuing up to the past moment we are thinking about. Used to talk about longer actions continuing up to the past moment we are thinking about. At that time, we had been living in a caravan for about six months.At that time, we had been living in a caravan for about six months. Or to talk about situations in the same way Or to talk about situations in the same way When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying.When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying.

17. FUTURE PERFECT 1 I’ll have done it, you’ll have done it etc I’ll have done it, you’ll have done it etc I’ll have been doing it, you’ll have been doing it etc I’ll have been doing it, you’ll have been doing it etc

18. FUTURE PERFECT 2 “By next Christmas we’ll have been here for eight years.” “By next Christmas we’ll have been here for eight years.” “The builders say they’ll have finished by next Friday.” “The builders say they’ll have finished by next Friday.”

19. FUTURE PERFECT 3 ( Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes the period of time) ( Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes the period of time) “In August next year I will have been working here for twenty years.” “In August next year I will have been working here for twenty years.”

20. FUTURE PERFECT 4 “It’s no good asking him. He will have forgotten by now.” “It’s no good asking him. He will have forgotten by now.” “It’s five o’clock. I’m pretty sure that the manager will have gone home.” “It’s five o’clock. I’m pretty sure that the manager will have gone home.”

21. PERFECT ASPECT PERFECT ASPECT Compare: Present perfect : Present perfect : “They have been working here for twenty years” “They have been working here for twenty years” Future perfect : Future perfect : “Next year they will have been here for twenty one years” Past perfect: Past perfect: “In 1998 they had been working here for ten years”