2. Marine Mammals Life history, ecology and conservation

3. WHO ARE THEY?

4. Cetacea whales, dolphins, and porpoises Carnivora polar bears, otters, seals, sea lions, walruses Sirenia manatees and dugongs

5. CETACEA: Toothed whales

6. Bottlenose dolphin Striped dolphin Common dolphin

7. Risso’s dolphin Focena comune Globicephalo... Killer whale False killer whale Rough-toothed dolphin

8. Risso’s dolphin Harbor porpoise Pilot whale

9. Sperm whale... Cuvier’s beaked whale

10. ...Sperm whale DNADNA

11. CETACEA: Baleen whales

12. Fin whale Right whale Sei whale Humpback whale

13. CARNIVORA: Pinnipeds Otariidae sea lions, fur seals, etc Phocidae true seals

14. Otariidae ear pinnae eye sagittal crest snout whiskers mane fore flippers tail scrotum hind flippers tail whiskers (vibrissae) fore flippers claws snout eye ear Phocidae or True seals

15. CARNIVORA: Pinnipeds Odobenidae walruses

16. CARNIVORA: Ursidae polar bears

17. CARNIVORA: Mustelidae sea otters, weasels, minks, etc

18. SIRENIA: Trichechidae manatees Dugongidae dugongs, Stellar’s sea cows

19. This presentation will focus......on dolphins and whales (cetaceans)!

20. Some terminology....

21. FROM LAND TO SEA 50 MILLION YEARS AGO 45 MILLION YEARS AGO 40 MILLION YEARS AGO 35 MILLION YEARS AGO 30 MILLION YEARS AGO 25 MILLION YEARS AGO 20 MILLION YEARS AGO 15 MILLION YEARS AGO MESONICHIDAE PROTOCETIDAE DORYDONTIDAE SQUALODONTIDAE DELPHINIDAE

22. DIVERGENCE

23. ADAPTATIONS

24. Dog

25. ADAPTATIONS Underwater life: Streamlined body Fins Head and skull Eyes and ears Heat conservation Salt balance Buoyancy Genital protrusion, etc

26. Nostril migration ADAPTATIONS breathing system

27. ADAPTATIONS breathing system

28. ADAPTATIONS Perfectly adapted to marine environment!

29. What are the differences?

30. DIFFERENCES

32. baleen ventral grooves tongue jaw DIFFERENCES

33. feeding Feeding Humpback whales

34. Feeding Gray whales

35. Feeding Gray whales

36. Feeding Other whales

37. Teeth DIFFERENCES

38. Teeth DIFFERENCES

39. HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE AGE OF A DOLPHIN AND A WHALE?

40. Feeding Group waiting to feed Sentinel Dolphins feeding Sentinel

41. Feeding Bottlenose dolphin

42. Feeding Common dolphin

43. Feeding Killer whale

44. Feeding Sperm whale

45. Feeding OTHER CAPTURE TECHNIQUES: “crater feeding” “fish whacking” “strand feeding”

46. How dolphins find their prey?

47. How echolocation works? Returning echo Sound emission

48. Where is the food?

49. Migration...

50. ... and residency

51. How dolphins move

52. Great variety of cetaceans

53. Tongue = Heart = Blue whale

54. Distribution cold waters rivers tropical waters

55. Group sizes Small schools Large schools Single/Pairs

56. Groups Advantages Disadvantages Schools, pods & herds

57. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

58. Fission-fusion societies

59. Complex societies

60. Alliances and Superalliances

61. Courtship & Mating

62. Not easily distinguishable.... female male navelanusgenital slit mammary slit

63. Birth

64. Long term bonds

65. Cetaceans’ sensory world Sight Smell Taste Touch Sound

66. Cetaceans’ sensory world SOUND Communicationwhistles Echolocationclicks

67. Song of a whale Dolphin whistles Cetaceans’ sensory world

68. Modern humans=7.06 Great apes=1.91Odontocetes=3.78 Brain and intelligence

69. Social learning “Culture”

70. Self-recognition Sponge carrying

71. Unique mammals

72. As humans increase their exploitation of marine resources, individual dolphins, porpoises and whales suffer, their societies are disrupted, and their populations decline (Whitehead et al. 2000)

73. Worldwide threats to cetaceans WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS TO MARINE MAMMALS?

74. Present exploitation Aboriginal hunts Hunts in or by developing countries Whaling for scientific purpose Live capture

75. By-catch “It refers to the incidental capture of non-target species in fisheries” (Whitehead et al. 1999) Effects nearly every cetacean species

76. By-catch Often unsustainable Primary cause of population decline May bring species close to extinction 560 <200

77. Habitat loss and degradation Serious threat to inshore, freshwater species

78. Pollution Oceans as infinite trash dumps...!?!

79. Competition with fisheries likely to be a threat BUT... conclusive evidence is lacking due to complex ecosystem dynamics

80. Humans: use sounds in same wide range of frequencies to explore oceans Noise is incidentally produced by most marine activities Humans have potential to interfere acoustically with the lives of cetaceans Noise and disturbance

81. Collisions with ships Significant impact on mid/large cetaceans in areas of high/fast ship traffic

82. Global climate changes “It’s generally agreed that the Earth’s climate is changing systematically in response to human activities” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1995) “These changes are likely to affect virtually all life, including cetaceans” (IWC 1997)

83. Thank you!