1. Understanding The Immune System IMMUNOLOGY Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref

2. The Immune System SARS virus Parasite in red blood cell Fungus Bacteria

3. Markers of Self Muscle cell Nerve cell Epithelial cell Leukocyte Class I MHC self-marker protein

4. Markers of Non-Self Non-self leukocyte Antibody Epitope Class I MHC protein Epitope Antibody Antigen Bacteria Non-self nerve cell SARS virus

5. Markers of Self: Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigenic peptide Antigen-presenting cell uses MHC Class I or II Cell membrane MHC Class II Antigenic peptide Viral infection Infected cell MHC Class I Antigenic peptide MHC Class I

6. Organs of the Immune System Tonsils and adenoids Lymph nodes Bone marrow Appendix Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Peyer’s patches Spleen Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes

7. Lymphatic System Lymph nodeLymphatic vessel

8. Lymph Node Germinal center Vein Cortex Paracortex Incoming lymphatic vessel Outgoing lymphatic vessel Artery Medulla Follicle

9. Cells of the Immune System Bone graft Multipotential stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Platelets Macrophage Erythrocytes Eosinophil Neutrophil Megakaryocyte Mast cell Basophil T lymphocyte Natural killer cell Dendritic cell B lymphocyte Lymphoid progenitor cell Myeloid progenitor cell Monocyte Marrow Bone

10. B Cells Plasma cell Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed Antigen-presenting bacteria Antigen Antigen-specific B cell receptor Antibodies B cell Activated helper T cell Lymphokines

11. Antibody Assembled antibody molecule Heavy chain Antigen-binding region Constant region Light chain

12. Immunoglobulins IgA IgM IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA

13. Antibody Genes Assembled antibody molecule VDJCVDJC Gene components scattered through one chromosome Heavy chain Antigen- binding region Constant region Light chain VVVDDJJJJCVVVDDJJJJC Rearranged gene components encoding a heavy chain

14. T Cells Activated killer cellActivated helper T cell Resting cytotoxic T cellResting helper T cell

15. Cytokines Mature helper T cell Monokines Lymphokines Macrophage

16. Killer Cells: Cytotoxic Ts and NKs Killer cell Target-oriented granules Surface contact Target cell

17. Phagocytes and Their Relatives Monocyte Dendritic cell Eosinophil Neutrophil Basophil Mast cell Macrophage

18. Phagocytes in the Body Brain: microglial cells Joint: synovial A cells Precursors in bone marrow Lymph node: resident and recirculating macrophages Blood: monocytes Kidney: mesangial phagocytes Spleen: macrophages Liver: Kupffer cells Lung: alveolar macrophages

19. Complement C9 Enzyme C2 C5C3b C3aC3 C4 Antigen IgG C1 C8 C7 C6 C5b C5a

20. Mounting an Immune Response Complement Virus Killer cell B cell Antibodies T cell Lymphokines Macrophage

21. Antigen Receptors Killer cell Infected cellAntigen-presenting cell CD8 protein Cell membrane MHC Class I Antigenic peptide T cell receptor CD4 protein Cell membrane MHC Class II Antigenic peptide T cell receptor Cell membrane Antigen Antigen- specific receptor Helper T cellB cell

22. Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody Antigen-presenting cell Antigen Circulating antibody Antigen is processed Class II MHC Antigen Activated helper T cell Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed Antibodies Plasma cell Antigen- presenting cell Antigen-specific B cell receptor B cell Lymphokines

23. Activation of T Cells: Helper Activated helper T cell Monokines MHC Class II T cell receptor Antigen-presenting cell CD4 protein Antigenic peptide Antigen is processed Resting helper T cell Class II MHC Lymphokines Helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC Macrophage Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed Antigen Helper T cell

24. Activation of T Cells: Cytotoxic Processed antigen and Class I MHC Lymphokines Class I MHC Class II MHC Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed Antigen Resting helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC Macrophage Monokines Cytotoxic T cell Infected cell MHC Class I Antigenic peptideT cell receptor CD8 protein Resting helper T cell Cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cell becomes activated Antigen (virus) Processed antigen (viral protein) Cell dies Infected cell Activated cytotoxic T cell Activated helper T cell Antigen is processed

25. Regulatory T Cells Regulatory T cells Mature dendritic cell Regulatory T cell Proliferation T cells compete for cytokine signals T cells compete for same antigen Cytotoxic T cell

26. Immunity: Active and Passive Artificially acquired Passive immunityActive immunity Naturally acquired Artificially acquired

27. Disorders of the Immune System: Allergy Plasma cell Interleukins Mature helper T cell B cell IgEAllergen Symptoms Mediators Mast cell

28. Disorders of the Immune System: Autoimmune Disease Cytotoxic T cell Pancreas Beta cell

29. Disorders of the Immune System: Immune Complex Disease Glomerular basement membrane of kidney Large complex Endothelial cell Small complex

30. Disorders of the Immune System: AIDS Virus protein Virus RNA New virus particle Virus DNA Cell DNA

31. Human Tissue Typing for Transplants HLA ACBD Leukocyte Chromosome 6 MHC protein

32. “Privileged” Immunity Chorionic villi

33. Immunity and Cancer Antibody Helper T cell Natural killer cell Cancer cell Macrophage Cytotoxic T cell

34. Immunotherapy Antibody Breast cancer cell Growth factor Herceptin blocks receptor Growth slows Radioisotope Antigen Lymphoma cell Lymphoma cell destroyed Herceptin

35. Dendritic Cells That Attack Cancer Complex binds to dendritic cell precursor T cells attack cancer cell Dendritic cell displays tumor antigen and activates T cells Cancer cell T cell Tumor antigen Tumor antigen is linked to a cytokine Dendritic cell matures and is infused back into patient Complex is taken in by dendritic cell precursor

36. The Immune System and the Nervous System Thymosins Macrophage B cell T cell Thymus Brain Bone marrow Neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways Immunotransmitters (feedback, regulation and modulation) Lymphokines Monokines

37. Hybridoma Technology Antibody-producing plasma cells Antigen Cells fuse to make hybridomas Cancerous plasma cells Monoclonal antibodies are purified Desired clones are cultured and frozen Hybridomas are kept alive in mouse Clones are tested for desired antibody Individual hybridoma cells are cloned Hybridoma cells grow in culture

38. Genetic Engineering A plasmid (ring of DNA) is isolated from a bacterium The new gene directs the bacterium to make a new protein product such as interferon When the bacterium divides and replicates, it copies itself and the recombinant DNA The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the bacterium The gene is inserted into the plasmid, where it fits exactly. This is recombinant DNA A gene for protein, taken from another cell, is cut with the same enzyme An enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sites

39. The SCID-hu Mouse Mouse kidneys Immuno-incompetent SCID mouse Immature human immune tissue Immature human immune cells