1. IPM Measurement Putting an Environmental Price To Pesticide Use Joe Kovach IPM Program Ohio State University

2. Background Method Application Method to Put Environmental Price of Pesticides

3. 1) New Jobs 2) New Businesses 3) Reduced Agricultural Production Costs 4) Development of New Products 5) Decrease in Pounds of Pesticide Use 6) Decrease Numbers of Pesticide Apps 7) Lower Environ. Impacts of Pesticide Use 8) Development of New and/or Improved Pesticide Application Technology Indicators of IPM Success We Have Used

4. 9) Increased Communication/Partnership (Processors, Producers, and Retailers) 10) Increases in Federal or State Funding 11) Reduced no. of pesticide treated acres 12) Shift in reliance to less-toxic pesticides 13) Creation of more IPM Options 14) Biocontrol projects funded then and now 15) Changes in Producer IPM Knowledge, Opinions, Skills, and Aspirations Indicators of IPM Success We Have Used

5. One recommendation: "a related management shortcoming of the federal IPM initiative is that USDA has not devised a method for measuring the environmental or economic results of IPM implementation." US General Accounting Office - 2001 Management Improvements Needed to Further Promote IPM

6. IPM Environ. Measurement Tool Over 25 different groups used tool Growers, Processors, Golf course supers Scientists Cornell Univ. - many crops Province of Ontario - many crops Univ. Guelph- many crops Texas A&M - vegetables Washington State - apples University of Minnesota - fruit

7. A Method to Measure the Environmental Impact of Pesticides (EIQ) 1992 J. Kovach, C. Petzoldt and J. Tette IPM Program Cornell University NYS Ag. Exp. Sta. Geneva, NY http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

8. 13 Criteria Used Dermal Toxicity Chronic Toxicity - Reproductive - Teratogenic - Mutagenic - Oncogenic Fish Toxicity Bird Toxicity Bee Toxicity Beneficial Arthro. Soil Persistence Leaf Persistence Runoff Potential Leaching Potential Over 200 pesticides evaluated (insecticides, fungicides, herbicide) http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

9. CHRONIC POTENTIAL (Reproductive, Teratogenic, Mutagenic, Oncogenic) Little or none = 1 Potential = 3 Definite = 5 http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

10. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT QUOTIENT (EIQ) Average of 3 Components Farmworker Consumer Ecological

11. EIQ Equation EIQ = {[C(DT*5)+(DT*P)]+ [(C*(S+P)/2*SY)+(L)]+ [(F*R)+(D*((S+P)/2)*3)+ (Z*P*3)+(B*P*5)]}/3 Farmworker Consumer Ecological http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

12. EIQ Axioms Environ. Impact = Toxicity x Exposure The Dose Makes the Poison

13. FARMWORKER COMPONENT Applicator + Picker (CP * DT * 5) + (CP * DT * PSR) Average of Reproductive Teratogenic Mutagenic Oncogenic Acute toxicity LD50 rabbits Plant surface residue

14. CONSUMER COMPONENT Food residue + Groundwater (CP * R * SY) + (LP) Average of Reproductive Teratogenic Mutagenic Oncogenic Average Soil and Leaf half-life Systemtic Water half-life Solubility Adsoprtion Coefficient Soil Properties

15. ECOLOGICAL COMPONENT Fish + Bird + Bee + Beneficials Coefficients 1 3 3 5

16. AQUATIC EFFECTS Fish Toxicity * Runoff * 1 96 hr LC50 Water half-life Solubility Adsoprtion coefficient Soil Properties

17. EIQ VALUES Pesticide Bt orzalin phosmet captan glyphosate myclobutanil azinphos-m thiophanate-m benlate parathion EIQ 13.5 17.7 23.9 28.6 32.4 41.2 43.1 51.5 69.5 104.4

18. Field Use EIQ Inherent toxicity (EIQ value) % active ingredient in formulation rate (pints or pounds/acre) number of applications

19. EIQ Field Use Rating Material Sevin Thiodan Guthion EIQ 22.6 40.5 43.1 ai.50.35 Rate 6.0 3.0 2.2 F rating 67.8 60.8 33.2

20. NY Apple IPM Comparisons

21. NASS Data - APPLE

22. National Crop EIQ

23. If more biological/cultural control practices are used than less pesticides will be used If better scouting or forecasting methods are implemented than less pesticides used Ultimately, changes in IPM adoption behavior leads directly to changes in pesticide use patterns Methods of Measuring IPM Adoption

24. Goal: To develop a “common currency” to assess the environmental and economic impact of IPM programs that can be easily communicated. Pesticide Price Model

25. Price = Raw materials + Capital + Production + Transportation + Profit (+ Environmental Cost)

26. Greener is Cheaper

27. Pesticide Price Method 3 Components needed 1) Total environmental cost of pesticides used 2) Environmental risk rating for each pesticide 3) Total amount of pesticide used

28. Pesticide Price Method Pimentel et al. (1992) estimated the social and environmental cost of pesticide use in the US to be $ 8.1 billion dollars. Gianessi and Anderson (1995) estimated that 732 million pounds of ai of pesticides were used in the US in 1992. Environmental cost = $ 8.1 billion / 732 mil lbs. $11.06 per pound of active ingredient of pesticide

29. How do you incorporate a fair environmental cost per pesticide? If a pesticide is a leacher it should a have higher groundwater costs If a pesticide kills bees it should have higher bee costs Each pesticide should have a different cost for each environmental impact category

30. Estimated Environmental and Social Cost of Pesticides CostsMillions $/year Public Health 787 Loss of Natural Enemies 520 Honeybee & Poll. Losses 320 Fishery losses 24 Bird losses2,100 Groundwater Cont.1,800 From Pimentel et al. 1992

31. Pesticide Use in the USA in 1992 ClassMil. ai lbs EIQ’s Insecticides 14998% Fungicides 12998% Herbicides 45489% Total 73294%

32. Pesticide Price Method Used (94%) of Pimentel cost calculation (GW = $1.8M) Determined relative environmental impacts of each chemical for each category (modified EIQ’s - 1,10,100 - used Field Use EIQ) Calculated average cost/FUEIQ Determine $/lb ai

33. Environmental Price of a Pound of ai of Atrazine Category Price Ground H 2 0$10.02 Aquatic 0.01 Bird 0.14 Bee 0.10 Beneficials 0.38 Applicator 0.00 Consumer 0.07 Total $10.72

34. Herbicides 2,4-D 2,4-DB Acifluorfen Alachlor Bentazon Chlorimuron-ethyl Clomazone Dimethenamid Ethalfluralin Fenoxaprop Fluazifop-P-butyl Flumetsulam Fomesafen Glyphosate Imazaquin Imazethapyr Lactofen Linuron Metolachlor Metribuzin Paraquat Pendimethalin Quizalofop-ethyl Sethoxydim Trifluralin Total lbs. Ai$ ENV/lb Total $ 2,802,000 2.73 7649460 24,000 0.83 19920 1,346,000 2.50 3365000 5,036,000 1.31 6597160 4,562,000 10.82 49360840 143,000 10.18 1455740 928,000 1.01 937280 320,000 1.41 451200 215,000 1.72 369800 246,000139.38 34287480 342,000 0.23 78660 54,000 1.72 92880 716,000 3.06 2190960 8,687,000 0.63 5472810 688,000 18.19 12514720 1,229,000 10.04 12339160 335,000 1.35 452250 225,000 2.86 643500 4,221,000 1.14 4811940 1,460,000 11.32 16527200 340,000 12.54 4263600 13,810,000 1.84 25410400 190,000 9.10 1729000 1,158,000 1.42 1644360 10,008,000 1.98 19815840 56,122,000 $4.40 $228,100,000 National Soybean Pesticide Use

35. Environmental Costs of Ohio Commodities Commodity Acres (x10 3 )Tot. E.$ (mil) Env.$/A Soybean4,10015.9 4 Corn3,60070.1 19 Pumpkins 4 0.1 23 Sw. Corn 12 0.4 31 Strawberries 1 0.2 174 Apples 9 2.4 265

36. Behavior Changes & IPM Implementation Negative Incentives Pesticide taxes Positive Incentives IPM Marketing Trading Pesticide Credits

37. Study on Pesticide Reduction Incentives in Denmark subsidies of environmentally favorable practices are inefficient “polluter pays” taxes are best - for a 40-45% reduction in pesticide use, cost should increase by 120% Dubgaard 1991

38. Atrazine Environmental Price Price of Atrazine 4L = $1.81/ lb Environmental Price = $10.72/ lb ai 43% ai = $ 4.61 Atrazine 4L = $ 1.81 Environ. = 4.61 Total Cost = $ 6.42 (357%) Gallon of atrazine 4L was $14.48 now $51.36

39. IPM Adoption & Positive Incentives IPM Marketing Trading Pesticide Credits

40. Material aps airateenv $/lb Total env.$ Polyram 5 0.8 3.0 20.82 $249.84 Rubigan 1 0.180.5 17.33 1.56 Guthion 2 0.5 2.0 9.15 18.30 Imidan 3 0.7 2.0 1.36 5.71 Nova 2 0.4 0.4 1.27 0.41 Captan 4 0.5 3.0 0.78 6.78 Ziram 3 0.7 6.0 10.49132.17 Total $414.76 / A OH Apple grower #1

41. Material aps airateenv $/lbTotal env.$ Polyram 3 0.8 3.020.82 $149.90 Rubigan 2 0.180.517.333.12 Guthion 2 0.5 2.0 9.15 18.30 Imidan 2 0.7 2.0 1.363.80 Total $171.6 / Acre OH Apple grower #2 Can grower #2 trade $50/A in pesticide credits with grower #1

42. Material aps ai rateenv $/lbTotal env.$ Imidan 2 0.7 2.0 1.36 3.80 Captan 2 0.5 4.0 1.29 5.16 Topsin 2 0.7 1.01 4.9120.87 Total $29.83 / A OH Apple grower #3 Can grower #3 trade $50/A in pesticide credits with grower #1 or #2

43. Other Options Can we develop a program of planting trees to defer environmental costs? Using American Forest Climate Change Calculator Web Site www.americanforest.orgwww.americanforest.org 1,000 gal of diesel = 22,579 lbs of CO2 emissions = 33.8 trees needed At $1.50/gal of diesel Each tree =$44.38

44. Exchanging Tree Credits for Pesticides Commodity Env.$/A#trees/A/yr Soybean 4 0.1 Corn 19 0.4 Pumpkins 23 0.5 Sw. Corn 31 0.7 Strawberries 174 3.9 Apples 265 6.0

45. Summary The Pesticide Price Method can be used to discuss stewardship issues with growers, policy makers, and the general public is one method to make comparison between commodities and growing practices can be used to measure IPM adoption rates using either positive or negative incentives http://ipm.osu.edu