1. Chapter 22 Pest Management

2. What is a Pesticide Pesticides can be all of the following:  Insecticides  Herbicides  Fungicides  Rodenticides  Narrow spectrum pesticide-  Broad spectrum pesticide-

3.  Second generation pesticide  Synthetic poison  Ex: DDT, malathion, atrazine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MxrH4lN0-A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aoDBSjhEiA  First generation pesticide  Inorganic compounds  Botanicals

4. Major Groups of Insecticides  Chlorinated Hydrocarbons  Slow to degrade and persist in the environment  Banned or largely restricted  Organophosphates  Most poisonous insecticide  Do not persist as long as chlorinated hydrocarbons  Cabamates  Broad spectrum; derived from cabamic acid

5. Benefits of Pesticides  Crop Protection  Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s crops  Farmers save $$  Disease control  Fleas, lice and mosquitoes carry disease  Malaria- mosquito born  DDT

6. Locations of Malaria

7. Problems with Pesticides  Evolution of Genetic Resistance

8. Pesticide Resistance  Pesticide Treadmill  Cost of applying pesticide increases  While their effectiveness decreases  Resistance Management

9. Problems with Pesticides  Imbalances the Ecosystem  Spraying to kill insects can affect birds, rabbits, etc.

10. Problems with Pesticides  Creation of New Pests

11. Problems with Pesticides  Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification Do these words look familiar? They should!

12. Problems with Pesticides  Mobility in the Environment  Do not stay where they are applied All leads back to humans Or the environment!

13.  Mild: nausea, vomiting, headaches  Severe: damage to nervous system, Risk of Pesticides to Human Health  Short-term Effects of Pesticides  Handling food with pesticide residue

14. Risk of Pesticides to Human Health  Long-term Effects of Pesticides  Cancer  Sterility  Miscarriage  Birth defects  Decreases body’s ability to fight infection  Potential connection to Parkinson’s disease

15. Alternatives to Pesticides  Using cultivation methods to control pests  Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating rows)  Strip cutting  Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and irrigating  Crop rotation  Reproductive Controls  Sterilizing some of the members

16. Alternatives to Pesticides  Biological Control  Use of naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites or predators to control pests

17. Alternatives to Pesticides  Pheromones and Hormones  By applying insect hormones at wrong time in life cycle, insects can be killed off  Genetic Controls  Genetically Modified plants (GMOs)  Bt toxin  Potential problem: may affect non-target species  Quarantine  Restriction of the importation of exotic plant and animal material that might harbor pests

18. Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Management (IPM)  IPM  Combination of pest control methods that keeps pest population low without economic loss

19. Integrated Pest Management

20. IPM Introduced Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Management (IPM)  Rice Production in Indonesia

21. Alternatives to Pesticides  Irradiating Food  Harvested food is expose to ionizing radiation, which kills many microorganisms  Somewhat controversial due to potential for free radicals

22. Laws Controlling Pesticide Use  Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)  Pesticide Chemicals Amendment (1954)  Delaney Cause (1958)  Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most recently in 2008)  Food Quality Protection Act (1996)

23. Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides  Some US companies still make banned or seriously restricted pesticides  Product is exported  Importation of food w/banned pesticides  Global ban of persistent organic pollutants  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2004)

24. Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides - The Dirty Dozen

25. Links thanks to Duke University   http://forages.css.orst.edu/topics/pests/ -- learn about some well known pests (like aphids, beetles, and grasshoppers) http://forages.css.orst.edu/topics/pests/   http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/pubs/catalog/insects.htm -- find out all the information about some of the most notorious pests http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/pubs/catalog/insects.htm   http://www.reeusda.gov/ruralconf/udsa-ref/nass-l -- find some statistics on the use of pesticides http://www.reeusda.gov/ruralconf/udsa-ref/nass-l   http://www.igc.apc.org/millennium/inds/pop.html -- how long will it take to reach 9 billion people in the world? Click here to find out. http://www.igc.apc.org/millennium/inds/pop.html   http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/txt/fairs/31610 -- learn more about the safety of pesticides. http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/txt/fairs/31610   http://www.efn.org/~ncap/pestic~2.html -- here are some reasons why pesticides are dangerous http://www.efn.org/~ncap/pestic~2.html   http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/Reports/shoppers/Shoppers.html -- find out about pesticides in common, everyday foods http://www.ewg.org/pub/home/Reports/shoppers/Shoppers.html   http://www.blackpool.net/www/sbwalsh/pests.htm -- more information about your favorite pests http://www.blackpool.net/www/sbwalsh/pests.htm